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Understanding the History and Current Problems with Military Drill

DrillMaster January 24, 2025DrillCenter News Leave a Comment

Continuing my series on drill and ceremonies, this is the fifth installment. Links to the previous:

This is not a rant about how “in my day” the Air Force (at least) was better, stronger, etc. Even though that statement might have a tiny bit of truth, this part of this series is about identifying today’s troubles, and then the next installment is on how to effectively implement drill and ceremonies.

Strong to Weak

Tighter, fully explained guidelines = better a performance. Because those guidelines provide a vastly better understanding of standards and the expected outcome. Similarly, loose guidelines = poorer performance because the team is forced into guessing what to do at times.

I understand the application of the statement out of AFPAM 34-1203:

1.1.1. This pamphlet includes most Air Force and Space Force needs in drill and ceremonies, but it does not cover every situation that may arise. For unusual situations, using good judgment and taking into account the purpose of the movement or procedure can often provide the solution.

That works well in some situations, but it requires a good amount of knowledge and skill to be able to use good judgment and pull off a ceremony that isn’t detailed in the pamphlet, but with the lack of emphasis on D&C, we are not producing NCOs who have that knowledge and skill.

Expanded and Precise Guidelines: Dr. Spock destroyed child rearing with his of advice (from 1946 to petering out in the early 1980s) to raise with praise only and not setting strict guidance. He did this on purpose (that’s a deep rabbit hole), following the guidelines for training a dog. A dog doesn’t understand punitive measures but reacts much better to positive reinforcement. Not so the child. In order to not figuratively wander, a child needs strict parameters and as much information as possible as he/she grows in order to make the best decisions possible. We are not providing those strict parameters.
Authority to Enforce: The Decline and Fall of Roman Empire, a book by Edward Gibbon, details how Rome fell. In a brief nutshell that doesn’t do the book any justice, Rome fell due to standards dropping like a stone. “Training Circular” and “Pamphlet” are the weakest designation for guidance in the military.

Let’s take a deeper look at the information provided by each service.

For All Services:

Baron von Steuben’s Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States, 1779.
Smyth’s Manual Drill and Ceremonies 1812.
Hardee Revised Manual 1861.
Casey’s Infantry Tactics 1862.

Army:

The Army published Infantry Drill Regulations in 1891 and 1911.
COL Bernard Lentz wrote six editions (1919 – 1957) of The Cadence System of Teaching Close Order Drill .
In 1924, Infantry Drill Regulations Illustrated and Simplified With Hints to Drill Instructors was written by Army officers Bond, Garey, Ellis, McMurray, and Crouch.
The Army published Field Manual (FM) 22-5, Basic Field Manual Infantry Drill Regulations, in 1939.
In 1946, 22-5 was retitled Leadership, Courtesy, and Drill.
In 1953, 22-5 was retitled again to Drill and Ceremonies and expanded to include information on mounted drill and the first brief description for the color guard.
in 2012 FM 22-5 was reclassified 3-21.5 became then Training Circular (TC) 3-21.5

The Field Manual. “Manual” has authority behind it. It means “this is how you do such-and-such” procedures. Now and lost all of it’s authority. Now, it’s just for “training”.

Marine Corps, Navy, & Coast Guard:

The Navy’s Landing-Force Manual (I have the 1921 edition) had a small section for individual armed drill.
The Landing Party Manual, renamed by at least 1950, had D&C removed.
The Bluejacket’s Manual had some individual armed drill (I have the 1943 edition).
1956 saw two editions of The Marine Corps Drill Manual published by the Marine Corps League.
NAVMC 2691, Marine Corps Drill and Ceremonies, was only published by 1980*.

*Why it was titled just for the Marine Corps and did not include the Navy and Coast Guard leaves me scratching my head. It seems obvious to me to at least mention the other two services that also rely solely on the manual. US Navy Regulations (1990) does state that 2691 is followed for funerals.

2691 scrapped and the contents published in a new category and number, Marine Corps Order (MCO) P5060.20 in 2003.
The “P” was dropped in 2019.

It is an Order. It is followed. It is strong. Oddly, one of the statements at the beginning of the manual is that it doesn’t apply to Marine Barracks Washington, quite understandable since they perform purely ceremonial drill, but it also does not apply to either Recruit Depot or Officer Candidate School. So, who does it apply to? Apparently no one until they get to the Fleet which is a bit late. Both Depots have their Depot Orders that have the text of MCO 5060.20 and more information from which the Drill Instructors teach.

Air and Space Forces: The AF is my service, and this paragraph is the most disappointing to me.

When the USAF became a service in 1947 drill and ceremonies was still guided by the Army’s FM.
In 1953, the AF published Air Force Manual (AFM) 50-14.
In 1985 it was reclassified as Air Force Regulation (AFR) 50-14.
In 1996 it was redesignated Air Force Manual (AFMAN) 36-2203.
In 2022, it was redesignated again and demoted to a mere pamphlet Department of the Air Force Pamphlet (DAFPAM/AFPAM, 34-1203).

A pamphlet is as enforceable as the sticky note in spite of the issues with the AFPAM, it is salvageable with some applied logic although AFJROTC has abandoned it and CAP went off the rails creating its own D&C and even honor guard manuals that are not fit to be followed. My service is fractured.

We Are Utterly Failing!

Looking at the photo below, how is it that AF Academy cadets form a color guard with the colors reversed right behind a supposed “expert” in D&C? The NCO in front of them is a USAF Training Instructor. Is it negligence or apathy? I think it’s a combination that comes from a lack of emphasis by leadership that D&C is vital to the military as it teaches foundational principles. We’ve lost sight of that completely because of “the mission”. It’s systemic.

The thought process is forgetting the stupid little stuff (like marching) and concentrating on the bigger stuff. For the USAF, we need to “Fly, Fight, and Win!” How do we do that? By “Flying, Fighting, and Winning!” That’s just over-the-top rhetoric that means nothing. Stop, take a breath, and now look at the accession process:

Training – Commission – Training – Work – Training – etc.
Training – Training – Work – Training – etc.

We have time and we need to take and even MAKE the time (not “find” the time) to ensure EVERY facet of training is taken care of and that includes the proper training and application of D&C.

This has been on purpose. It was a slow, incremental change over decades to get us to where are today. I saw a big change in 1990 and since then it’s only become worse.

Culture Change

We have service leadership who cyclically consider doing away with drill and ceremonies, cutting the military music programs, and even doing away with service drill teams with insane thinking because the military should only train to fight and win wars.

Despite being directed to understand the foundational purpose of drill, many still fail to see its importance. There is a prevailing sentiment that formation marching is outdated, and that allowing troops to move to the chow hall, for instance, in a disorganized mob is more efficient. This mindset not only undermines discipline but also erodes the very structure that upholds military cohesion and effectiveness*.

The responsibility for this deterioration lies with the senior enlisted for each service and every Non-Commissioned Officer across all ranks, both senior and junior. The failure to enforce D&C standards is a direct reflection of their neglect and lack of commitment to upholding these traditions. Despite the pivotal role that Drill Sergeants, Drill Instructors, and Training Instructors play in instilling discipline, there is a noticeable reluctance to invest in their comprehensive training*.

The Army, and all other services, must urgently address the decline in D&C training. Without decisive action and a renewed commitment to these essential practices, the integrity of military discipline and operational effectiveness are at severe risk. It is imperative that DoD leadership recognizes the critical importance of D&C and takes bold steps to restore and uphold these standards*.

*These paragraphs were written by a reader of my social media posts and edited by me.

The Letter and Spirit of D&C Instructions

The Letter: The letter of drill and ceremonies instructions refers to the specific guidelines, commands, and procedures outlined in official manuals. These instructions provide detailed methods for positions, marching, formations, and commands. For example, TC 3-21.5 provides guidance for Army-wide uniformity in the conduct of drill and ceremonies, covering methods of instructing drill, teaching techniques, individual and unit drill, and the manual of arms for Infantry weapons. Adherence to these standards ensures uniformity, discipline, safety, efficiency, and tradition within the military.

The Spirit: The spirit of drill and ceremonies instructions goes beyond the technical details and focuses on the underlying principles and values instilled. The spirit encompasses the importance of creating military bearing, instilling discipline, fostering esprit de corps, and building a sense of unity, pride, and mutual loyalty among military personnel. Drill and ceremonies is essential in fostering esprit de corps, reinforcing the collective identity and pride of the military unit, and creating a strong bond among its members. D&C also serves to honor traditions and history, mark important occasions, and publicly display discipline and readiness.

The Value of Drill

I’ve taught many JROTC units across the country both in-person and through video. At one high school, there was a cadet who was determined to improve himself. He marched poorly but knew that if he applied himself by joining the drill team and constantly marching regulation and exhibition sequences, he would improve enough to be able to handle the basic requirements of Army ROTC in college and being an Army officer. He did it and he is a successful Army officer today. He doesn’t march every day and he’s not going to volunteer for the Old Guard in DC, but he knew the value of D&C. You should too.

Conclusion

This white paper provides a comprehensive overview of military drill, its types, purposes, benefits and more. Military drill is defined as a series of movements and formations performed by military personnel, either with or without equipment (weapons) and categorizes military drill into three primary types: Ceremonial Drill, Regulation Drill, and Exhibition Drill, each serving specific purposes such as formal events, basic training, and showcasing skills.

The primary objective of military drill is to efficiently move a group of individuals from one location to another while instilling discipline, coordination, and teamwork. The document emphasizes the importance of drill in creating military bearing, instilling discipline, and fostering esprit de corps among military personnel. It also highlights the historical significance of drill in battlefield maneuverability, massed volley fire, and signaling.

The benefits of military drill are both tangible and intangible: improved physical fitness, enhanced coordination, development of leadership skills, attention to detail, cultural appreciation, respect, patriotism, discipline, self-control, and leadership development to name a few.

I concluded this article by stressing the importance of effectively implementing drill and ceremonies in training programs to fully reap the benefits and foster a cohesive and efficient military unit.

The next installment is Understanding the Implementation of Military Drill.

Understanding the Arguments Against Military Drill

DrillMaster January 23, 2025Color Guard/Color Team, Drill Teams, Honor Guard Leave a Comment

Continuing my series on drill and ceremonies, this is the forth installment. Links to the previous:

Those who disagree with this article series will scoff, dismiss, and immediately jump on the logical fallacy ship and probably won’t even know they are doing it. Here are some arguments against the modern warfighter performing D&C today.

Yesterday, I addressed one logical fallacy, the non sequitur, that is most often used to justify one’s stance against the continuation of D&C in military training. Let’s explore more and see that they can be used on both sides of the argument.

The Logical Fallacies

Appeal to Tradition:
1. This argument suggests that because drill and ceremonies has always been a part of military training, it should continue to be so, regardless of the relevance in modern warfare.
2. Not my stance at all. See Benefits, above.
False Dichotomy: This argument presents a false choice between being an effective warfighter and adhering to drill and ceremonies. It implies that one cannot be both, which is not necessarily true.
Straw Man: This argument misrepresents the position of those who support drill and ceremonies by suggesting they believe these practices are the only way to achieve discipline and coordination (equaling lethality).
Ad Hominem:
1. This argument attacks the character of those who support drill and ceremonies, rather than addressing the merits of the practice itself.
2. This can also go the other way. It’s wholly unnecessary to malign those who have no concept of the relevance of D&C in the modern era.
Slippery Slope:
1. This argument suggests that if drill and ceremonies is not performed, it will lead to a complete breakdown of discipline and effectiveness in the military, which is an exaggerated consequence.
2. Also, not my stance. There will be a breakdown, but I do not believe it will be total. See Benefits, above.

A Specific and Ignorant Argument

I received this woefully ignorant response from an individual on LinkedIn. I tire of the arguments thrown at me by the arrogant. Comments like this end up being antagonistic and now I’ve learned that the comment and thread was deleted by the comment’s author. That’s intellectual cowardice by an Army officer.

“The Spectacle of War: Why Drill & Ceremony is an Antiquated Relic

Drill and ceremony is a time-honored tradition, but in the age of modern warfare, it is as useful as a musket at a drone fight. The Marine Corps-and indeed, much of the U.S. military-clings to D&C like a security blanket, believing it instills discipline, cohesion, and tradition.

War Is Not a Parade! In the 21st century, war is asymmetric, irregular, and largely fought in the shadows. The battles of tomorrow won’t be won on the parade deck but in cyberspace, the information sphere, and through unconventional tactics that defy traditional doctrine.

Yes, discipline matters. But discipline in combat comes from realistic training under pressure, not from marching in formation. Consider elite forces like Delta or the SAS-do they spend hours perfecting their cadence?

The Pageantry of Nostalgia: D&C is, at its core, a vestige of an era when wars were fought in neat formations, muskets were the height of military technology, and officers could observe the battlefield from horseback. But Napoleon is dead, and so is linear warfare. Today’s conflicts are fought by decentralized units, autonomous systems, and hybrid forces. Adapt, or Die!”

The Response

This thinking is just downright idiotic. I’m not saying the individual is an idiot, I do not know him and making such a judgment would be inappropriate. It’s the argument that is nonsensical and here’s why.

The argument presented against drill and ceremony (D&C) relies on a flawed understanding of its purpose and a narrow view of military effectiveness. While modern warfare has certainly evolved, D&C remains a valuable tool for cultivating crucial attributes in service members, even in the 21st century. D&C is the foundation. The foundation of what we do that follows: warfighting.

D&C is Not Just About Parades: The author equates D&C with “marching in formation” and “pageantry of nostalgia,” reducing it to a mere spectacle. This misses the point. D&C is a means to an end, not the end itself. The repetitive drills and precise movements instill:

Discipline: D&C requires strict adherence to orders and meticulous attention to detail. This translates directly to the disciplined execution of complex tasks in any environment, including chaotic combat situations. It’s about mental discipline, not just physical coordination.
Teamwork and Cohesion: Synchronized movements demand absolute trust and reliance on fellow service members. D&C fosters unit cohesion, building the “esprit de corps” essential for effective teamwork under pressure. Knowing your buddy will execute their part flawlessly is crucial in combat, and D&C reinforces this.
Respect for Authority and Tradition: D&C reinforces the chain of command and instills respect for the traditions and history of the armed forces. This is vital for maintaining order and unit integrity, especially in stressful situations. It connects modern service members to the legacy of those who served before them.

Discipline is Foundational: The author claims combat discipline comes only from “realistic training under pressure.” While such training is crucial, it’s built upon the foundation of basic discipline instilled through activities like D&C. You can’t effectively train complex combat maneuvers without first establishing fundamental discipline and responsiveness to orders. D&C is the bedrock upon which more advanced training is built. Elite units, while not focusing on parade drills, still rely on the underlying principles of discipline and teamwork that D&C helps to cultivate.

Adaptation Doesn’t Mean Abandonment: The “adapt or die” mantra is valid, but it doesn’t necessitate throwing out everything old. D&C is not about preparing for Napoleonic warfare; it’s about developing essential character traits that are timeless in their value to military effectiveness. Just as physical fitness remains crucial despite changes in weaponry, so too does the discipline and cohesion fostered by D&C.

D&C was directly used on the battlefield in the 1700s and earlier. We no longer use all of those tactics, but we do use some with a modern twist at the squad level. That does not equate to completely disregarding all of drill and ceremonies. It is still the foundation of everything else we do.

Beyond the Battlefield: The benefits of D&C extend beyond direct combat. It plays a vital role in ceremonies, public events, and the overall representation of the armed forces plus the myriad of benefits I have already addressed in previous installments. It reinforces the image of a professional, disciplined, and capable military, which is essential for maintaining public support and deterring potential adversaries.

In conclusion, while the nature of warfare evolves, the fundamental principles of discipline, teamwork, and respect for tradition remain essential. D&C, when properly understood and implemented, is a valuable tool for cultivating these attributes, even in the age of cyber warfare and unconventional tactics. It’s not an antiquated relic, but a foundational element of military training that continues to contribute to the effectiveness of modern armed forces. Now, go back and read each installment of this series, the DrillMaster white paper on the Importance of Drill and Ceremonies.

Wrap Up

In this installment I gave various logical fallacies related to the argument about the relevance of drill and ceremonies in modern military training and one specific argument. The argument for D&C is not that we need to have every member of every service in formation and marching every single day. That would not be an effective use of time. We do, however, need to make time on a consistent regular basis to ensure we are maintaining standards.

The next installment is Understanding the History and Current Problems with Military Drill.

Understanding the Benefits of Military Drill

DrillMaster January 22, 2025Color Guard/Color Team, Drill Teams, Honor Guard Leave a Comment

Continuing my series on drill and ceremonies, this is the third installment. Links to the previous:

The tangible and intangible benefits of drill and ceremonies (D&C) are numerous. I will use a couple of them to make my point about how we are generally failing to use drill and ceremonies for its intended purpose and thus unable to completely reap the benefits.

D&C ensures that military can perform their duties effectively and cohesively, contributing to the overall success of military operations. It is designed to instill discipline, coordination, and teamwork among military personnel. Crucial to effective military operations are adherence to standards, response to commands, and individual coordination, which we gain from D&C.

“Everyone marches in formation, and they do not break ranks. They do not push one another; Everyone marches in his own column.”
Joel 2:7-8

Historical Benefits

Some historical benefits of drill and ceremonies are less relevant in the modern era due to advancements in warfare and technology. When we look at the historic aspect to drill and ceremonies, we come up with a better chance at staying alive.

Battlefield Maneuverability: In the past, precise marching formations were crucial for battlefield success. They allowed large groups of infantry to move in a coordinated manner, maintain cohesion, and execute tactical maneuvers in close-quarters combat.
Massed Volley Fire: Drill was essential for coordinating massed volleys of musket fire. Soldiers had to load, aim, and fire their weapons in unison to maximize firepower.
Bayonet Charges: Close-order drill was vital for executing bayonet charges, requiring soldiers to maintain the formation and momentum while advancing on the enemy.
Signaling and Communication: In the past, drill movements and flag signals were used to communicate commands on the battlefield, especially before reliable electronic communication. In the early 1800s and for centuries before, the color guard was essential to signaling troops and identifying where the unit was supposed to be on the battlefield.

While these historical benefits may not directly translate to modern military applications, they highlight the evolution of warfare and the adaptability of drill and ceremonies. Even though the primary purpose has shifted, the core values of discipline, teamwork, and precision remain relevant and continue to provide valuable intangible benefits.

“If Soldiers are to give their best in war they must be united. Discipline seeks through drill to instill into all ranks this sense of unity, by requiring them to obey orders as one. A Ceremonial parade, moreover, provides an occasion for Soldiers to express pride in their performance, pride in the Regiment or Corps and pride in the profession of Arms.”
General Sir Harold Alexander
Ceremonial for the Army Ministry for (UK) Defense, Army Department
November 1968

Timeless Benefits

Intangible (not necessarily measurable) benefits:

Attention to Detail:
- Precision is paramount in drill and ceremonies. No matter what you want to do, this heightened awareness of detail translates to other aspects of life, such as academics, work, and personal endeavors.
Time Management and Organization:
- Learning and practicing drill requires discipline, time management, and the ability to meet deadlines for training, rehearsals, and performances.
Perseverance and Resilience:
- Mastering challenging drill routines requires dedication, perseverance, and the ability to overcome obstacles.
- These skills are invaluable in facing challenges in all areas of life.
Cultural Appreciation:
- Drill and ceremonies often have historical and cultural significance.
- Learning about these traditions can foster a deeper understanding and appreciation of different cultures and their values.
Respect and Patriotism:
- For many, drill and ceremonies are associated with military traditions and honoring those who serve their country.
- This can instill a deeper sense of respect for national symbols, history, and the sacrifices made by others.
Discipline and Self-Control:
- Drill emphasizes precise movements and commands, fostering discipline and the ability to follow instructions with focus and attention to detail.
- It teaches individuals to control their bodies and minds, essential for personal growth and success in various areas of life.
Teamwork and Camaraderie:
- Drill requires synchronized movements and collective effort.
- Participants learn to work together as a unit, understanding the importance of individual actions contributing to the overall success of the group.
- This fosters a strong sense of camaraderie and shared purpose.
Pride and Confidence:
- Mastering challenging drill routines boosts self-esteem and confidence.
- The sense of accomplishment achieved through dedication and hard work translates to other areas of life, encouraging individuals to strive for excellence.
Leadership Development:
- Individuals may learn leadership skills through drill and ceremonies, such as:
  - Giving clear and concise commands
  - Motivating others
  - Problem-solving within the team
  - Taking responsibility for their own actions and those of their team members.

Some tangible (concrete, measurable) outcomes:

Improved Physical Fitness:
- Drill involves physical activity, which can lead to measurable improvements in cardiovascular health, muscular strength, coordination, endurance, and flexibility.
- It can be a fun and engaging way to stay active.
- These improvements can be tracked through fitness assessments and measurements.
Enhanced Coordination and Motor Skills:
- The precise movements and complex routines in drill can improve coordination, balance, and fine motor skills.
- These improvements can be objectively measured through motor skills tests.
Development of Leadership Skills:
- Drill provides opportunities for individuals to develop and demonstrate leadership skills, such as giving clear commands, motivating others, and making decisions under pressure.
- These skills can be assessed through observation and performance evaluations.
Improved Academic Performance:
- Studies have shown that participation in drill and ceremonies can positively impact academic performance, particularly in areas like focus, attention to detail, and time management.
- These improvements can be tracked through grades, test scores, and academic progress reports.
Career Advancement:
- For those in the military or related fields, proficiency in drill and ceremonies can be a valuable asset for career advancement.
- It can lead to leadership positions, special assignments, and recognition within an organization.

These benefits can vary depending on the individual, the intensity of the training, and the specific context of the drill and ceremonies program. However, these examples demonstrate that drill and ceremonies can offer solid, measurable outcomes in addition to the intangible benefits.

“Show me the manner in which a nation cares for its dead and I will measure with mathematical exactness the tender mercies of its people, their respect for the laws of the land, and their loyalty to high ideals.”
Sir William Ewart Gladstone

The next installment is Understanding the Arguments Against Military Drill.

Understanding the Purpose of Military Drill

DrillMaster January 21, 2025Color Guard/Color Team, Drill Teams, DrillFit, Honor Guard Leave a Comment

The primary objective of military drill is to efficiently move a group of individuals from one location to another. But there is much more.

Continuing my series on drill and ceremonies, this is the second installment. The link to the previous:

Understanding the Definition and Types of Military Drill

TC 3-21.5 provides guidance for Army-wide uniformity in the conduct of drill and ceremonies. (Ceremonies are formations—the arrangement of elements of a unit in a prescribed manner—and movements in which a number of troops execute movements in unison and with precision just as in drill; however, their primary value is to render honors, preserve traditions, and stimulate esprit de corps.) It includes methods of instructing drill (movements by which a unit or individuals are moved in a uniform manner from one formation to another, or from one place to another, with movements executed in unison and with precision), teaching techniques, individual and unit drill, manual of arms for Infantry weapons, and various other aspects of basic drill instruction.
TC 3-21.5, Drill and Ceremonies

In Basic Training or Boot Camp, drill serves to create military bearing, instill discipline, and a sense of achievement. It teaches:

Adherence to standards is essential for maintaining uniformity, discipline, safety, efficiency, and tradition within the military. It ensures that military personnel perform their duties with precision and professionalism, contributing to the overall effectiveness and cohesion of the military unit.
Response to commands is a fundamental aspect of drill and ceremonies that enhances discipline, coordination, readiness, confidence, and safety among military personnel.
Individual coordination is a fundamental aspect of drill and ceremonies that enhances precision, synchronization, discipline, physical fitness, and confidence among military personnel.
Teamwork in drill and ceremonies enhances cohesion, communication, mutual support, leadership, and problem-solving abilities among military personnel. It ensures that individuals can work together effectively and cohesively.
Esprit de corps translates to the spirit of the formation/body. It refers to the sense of unity, pride, and mutual loyalty shared among members of a group. The precise and synchronized movements required in drills instill a sense of discipline and cohesion, which are crucial for effective military operations.
- Present Day: This is the combination of teamwork and a corporate sense of achievement. Drill and ceremonies are essential in fostering esprit de corps among members of the military. These ceremonies reinforce the collective identity and pride of the military unit, creating a strong bond among its members.
- Historical perspective: Ceremonial drills, such as parades and honor guards, and even just marching in general, serve to uphold traditions and honor the sacrifices of those who have served. Hundreds of thousands have been in your place over the last 250+ years. It’s a sense of responsibility to the history of your service.
Alertness and Urgency in drill and ceremonies are vital for maintaining readiness, ensuring quick response to commands, enhancing situational awareness, building confidence and discipline, and ensuring safety and efficiency.
Confidence and Professionalism are essential qualities developed through military D&C. These aspects play a significant role in shaping the behavior and performance of military personnel. D&C enhances leadership skills, promoting a positive image, and encouraging continuous improvement among military personnel.
Leadership and Followership in drill and ceremonies are crucial for developing effective leaders, enhancing followership skills, balancing leadership and followership, building mutual respect, and promoting accountability among military personnel.
Attention to detail is seen in the precision and accuracy of a performance (pass-in-review, funeral, guard change at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, etc.) requires members of the military to perform movements with exactness. Attention to detail ensures that each movement is executed correctly, contributing to the overall uniformity and discipline of the unit. This precision is vital for maintaining the visual impact of ceremonial events and translates into the effectiveness of military operations.

Additionally, drill allows a group to render respect, show honor, and uphold tradition, while also serving as a form of exercise. These aspects are essential for maintaining the dignity and heritage of military service.

The object of close order drill is to teach Marines by exercise to obey orders and to do so immediately in the correct way. Close order drill is one foundation of discipline and esprit de corps. Additionally, it is still one of the finest methods for developing confidence and troop leading abilities in our subordinate leaders.
MCO 5060.20, Marine Corps Drill and Ceremonies

Why does drill and ceremonies remain relevant even in modern times? Obviously, there is a bit of overlap below with what I have already written, but it’s all very necessary.

“……”*
AFPAM 34-1203

*Not surprisingly, the USAF has nothing to say in the modern era on the importance of D&C. However! It did say there was value in D&C in 1960. Value doesn’t just disappear.

Why are drills and ceremonies needed? Every man and woman who enters military service learns teamwork by participating in drill. On the drill field the individual learns to appreciate the need for discipline–the need to respond to vested authority, to follow orders promptly and precisely, and to recognize the effect of his actions on the group as a whole. Learning to follow is the beginning of leadership.
AFM 50-14, Drill and Ceremonies (1960)

Ceremonies:

Honoring Traditions and History: Ceremonies connect us to the past, honoring historical events, individuals, and traditions. They reinforce a sense of continuity and shared heritage.
Marking Important Occasions: Ceremonies commemorate significant events, such as changes of command, awards ceremonies, and memorials.
Building Esprit de Corps: Participating in ceremonies fosters a sense of unity, pride, and belonging within a group or organization. It strengthens bonds and reinforces shared values.
Public Display of Discipline and Readiness: Ceremonies can serve as a public demonstration of the discipline, precision, and readiness of a military unit or organization. That’s why the service drill teams, parachute, air demonstration teams all exist.

Parades:

Showcasing Skill and Precision: Allow individuals and units to demonstrate their mastery of drill and ceremonies. They showcase the results of dedicated training and teamwork.
Boosting Morale and Public Support: Can boost morale within an organization and generate public support by providing a visual display of its strength, discipline, and professionalism.
Celebrating Achievements: Can celebrate victories, anniversaries, and other significant achievements.
See also, Why Did We Start Having Parades?

Military Tattoos:

Historical Significance: The term “tattoo” originates from a Dutch phrase “doe den tap toe” (“turn off the taps”), a signal for tavern keepers to stop serving beer and for soldiers to return to their barracks. Military tattoos evolved from these evening signals, often involving music and performances.
Entertainment and Camaraderie: Modern military tattoos provide entertainment for troops and the public, showcasing military bands, drill teams, and other performers. They foster camaraderie and a sense of community.
Display of Skill and Precision: Like parades, tattoos offer an opportunity to demonstrate exceptional skill and precision in drill and musical performances.

Competitions:

Motivating Excellence: Competitions encourage individuals and units to strive for excellence. They provide a platform for showcasing talent and dedication.
Promoting Standardization: Competitions help to promote standardization, adherence to regulations, and develop best practices for training and practice.
Building Teamwork and Sportsmanship: Preparing for and participating in competitions fosters teamwork, cooperation, and sportsmanship.

In essence, these elements serve to reinforce the values, traditions, and skills associated with drill and ceremonies, while also providing opportunities for public display, celebration, and camaraderie.

I once had an Army infantry Staff Sgt tell me that D&C is essentially useless and a waste of time. I’m positive he doesn’t have a clue as to the utter irony of his statement as an infantry Soldier.

How did General Washington improve his Soldiers? He brought in Baron von Steuben from Prussia (where my ancestors come from). The Baron didn’t just teach battle tactics (i.e., concentrate only on fighting) and hope for the best? No, he taught key NCOs to march and the manual of arms and they, in turn, taught their companies the same. They worked hard to become proficient in marching and manipulating the rifle.

“Discipline is the soul of an army. It makes small numbers formidable; procures success to the weak, and esteem to all.”
General George Washington

Competitive Drill

Competitive drill and ceremonies, primarily seen in high school JROTC and college SROTC, as well as some independent soloists and drill teams, offer additional benefits. Exhibition drill, in particular, promotes creativity in designing marching patterns, body movements, and rifle manipulations.

One of the most significant advantages of competitive regulation and exhibition drill for squads, platoons, and color guards is the development of a wide range of leadership skills:

Teaching the team the performance processes.
Delegating responsibilities while maintaining ultimate responsibility for the performance outcome.
Memorizing routines, commands, marching, and equipment movements.
Thinking quickly to ensure the team stays within time limits and physical boundaries.
Recovering from possible mistakes.

Military drill is a cornerstone of military training, discipline, and tradition. It encompasses a variety of movements and formations performed by members of the military, cadets, and many others, either with or without equipment. These drills serve specific purposes and contribute to the overall discipline and efficiency of military personnel.

Enhancing Individual and Team Capabilities: Military drill is designed to improve the coordination, precision, and responsiveness of individuals. By practicing these drills, individuals learn to move in unison, respond to commands quickly, and execute complex maneuvers with accuracy. This not only enhances their individual skills but also fosters a sense of teamwork and unity within the group. The synchronized movements required in drills instill a sense of discipline and cohesion, which are crucial for effective military operations.
Fostering Leadership and Creativity: Drill and ceremonies also play a significant role in developing leadership skills. Soldiers are often given the opportunity to lead their peers in drill practices, which helps them build confidence and learn how to manage and motivate a team. In competitive settings, such as exhibition drills, soldiers are encouraged to showcase their creativity by designing intricate marching patterns and rifle manipulations. This not only highlights their skill and ingenuity but also promotes a sense of pride and accomplishment.
Historical and Traditional Significance: Ceremonial drills, such as parades and honor guards, serve to uphold traditions and honor the sacrifices of those who have served. These ceremonies reinforce the collective identity and pride of the military unit, creating a strong bond among its members. The historical sense of esprit de corps, or the spirit of the formation/body, is deeply rooted in these practices, fostering a sense of unity, pride, and mutual loyalty among soldiers.

Tomorrow’s installment is Understanding the Benefits of Military Drill.

Understanding the Definition and Types of Military Drill

DrillMaster January 20, 2025Color Guard/Color Team, Drill Teams, DrillFit, Honor Guard Leave a Comment

A DrillMaster Study. A Long DrillMaster Study. Technically, a white paper. Since it’s so long (19 pages) it will publish in segments this week, January 20-24 and 27, 2025, six parts. Nothing I found has come close to explaining military drill and ceremonies like this.

Originally written April 7, 2020, major update January 2025.

Military drill encompasses a variety of movements and formations performed by members of the military, cadets, and others, either with or without equipment (rifles, flags, guidon). There are distinct forms of drill, each serving specific purposes and contributing to the overall discipline and efficiency of military personnel.

Drill is the “trained, patterned behavior of soldiers.”
Harald Kleinschmidt, “Using the Gun: Manual Drill and the Proliferation of Portable Firearms,” 603.

The Definition of Drill

First, for our purposes, what do we mean by “drill”?

Unarmed Drill: Any movement performed without a piece of equipment: rifle, sword/saber, or flagstaff (guidon and colors staff).
Close Order Drill: Also called Foot Drill, whether stationary or while marching in a formation: squad (element), platoon (flight), company (squadron), color guard, etc.
- Armed Drill: The word also includes manipulation of a rifle, sword/saber, etc.
- Unarmed Drill: Any movement performed without a piece of equipment: rifle, sword/saber, or flagstaff (guidon and colors staff).

“If we are to defend ourselves against the British, we need more than a gathering of angry farmers. We need discipline and drill and regulations. We need regular channels of supply, food and powder, recruitment, organization. A commander must understand all of those things.”
John Adams, June 9th, 1775

Types of Military Drill

The three primary types of military drill are:

Ceremonial Drill: This type focuses on formal events and ceremonies. It includes parades, honor guards, and other occasions where precision and presentation are paramount.
Regulation Drill: Also known as basic drill, this type involves standard movements and commands used to train soldiers. It is the foundation of military discipline and coordination.
Exhibition Drill: Involves intricate marching patterns, body movement, and rifle manipulation designed to impress, entertain, and highlight skill.
- Scholastic: This type highlights creativity and skill, often seen in competitive settings at the high school and college level.
- Ceremonial: This is exhibition drill with many restrictions that are based on where the team comes from- a service honor guard.
- Independent: This is individuals and teams that are civilian based, mostly high school and college age, who spin rifles (very few march unarmed) and compete at competitions made for independent drillers.

For a detailed breakdown, refer to the article, What is a Military Drill Team? Additionally, for a historical context, you can read A Brief History of American Drill and Ceremonies.

The next installment is Understanding the Purpose of Military Drill.

Half-Staff and the Special Occasion

DrillMaster January 15, 2025Protocol and Flag Leave a Comment

There are certain circumstances where the flag, while being displayed officially for a period of mourning, is raised to full truck for a special occasion, and then lowered back to half-staff for the rest of the time of mourning. Let’s look at the history behind that.

There is precedent for raising the flag to full truck (the flat piece under the finial, also called “full staff”) during a presidential inauguration, even if it falls within the 30-day mourning period for a former president. The rationale behind this is to emphasize the continuity and celebration of democratic governance. The inauguration of a new President is considered a momentous occasion that symbolizes the peaceful transfer of power, an event of national importance that temporarily supersedes standard mourning observances.

The 1973 Inauguration – no Precedent Here

Following the death of President Harry S. Truman on December 26, 1972, and President Lyndon B. Johnson passed away on January 22, 1973, just two days before President Richard Nixon’s second inauguration. Flags were NOT raised to full staff during the inaugural events. After the inauguration ceremonies, flags returned to half-staff for the remainder of the designated mourning period. The photos below are from Virginia Military Institute (left) and nixonfoundation.org.

Nixon inauguration 2 full truck at parade — Nixon 2nd Inauguration Full Truck at Parade

Nixon inauguration 2 full truck at parade 2 — Nixon 2nd Inauguration Full Truck at Parade

Independence Day 2004

President Ronald Reagan died on June 5, 2004, and on July 4, flags were raised to full truck and then lowered to half-staff for one more day.

The 2025 Inauguration

If you are reading this before January 20th, on January 14th, Speaker of the House, Mike Johnson, announced that the flag atop the US Capitol will be at full truck for the second inauguration of President Donald Trump. But, it’s a federal building under the jurisdiction of the President.

Update. As of the evening of January 20, 2025, President Trump signed a Presidential Proclamation to have the national flag raised on all federal buildings and ships in the entirety of the USA. This proclamation is the only legal way to have flags raised to full truck in accordance with the Constitution and USC Title 4.

Respect for Both Situations

This practice balances the respect owed to a deceased former president with the celebration of a significant national event. The flexibility within the U.S. Flag Code allows the President or other designated officials to modify flag protocol for special circumstances like this.

The question still stands as to who authorized the flag to be raised for that day and under what authority. Only the President has the authority, not the Speaker of the House or and President Pro Tempore.

The Flag Code Text

The following is an extract from Title 4 U.S. Code § 7 – Position and manner of display (m).

The flag, when flown at half-staff, should be first hoisted to the peak for an instant and then lowered to the half-staff position. The flag should be again raised to the peak before it is lowered for the day.
By order of the President, the flag shall be flown at half-staff upon the death of principal figures of the United States Government and the Governor of a State, territory, or possession, as a mark of respect to their memory.
The flag shall be flown at half-staff 30 days from the death of the President or a former President; 10 days from the day of death of the Vice President, the Chief Justice or a retired Chief Justice of the United States, or the Speaker of the House of Representatives; from the day of death until interment of an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, a Secretary of an executive or military department, a former Vice President, or the Governor of a State, territory, or possession; and on the day of death and the following day for a Member of Congress. The flag shall be flown at half-staff on Peace Officers Memorial Day, unless that day is also Armed Forces Day.

This Needs to be Emphasized

The President has jurisdiction for flag display throughout the nation on all federal buildings with a proclamation. State buildings follow that proclamation (please read this). Private owners of flagpoles and masts can follow the proclamation but are not required.

Governors have the same jurisdiction in their state for the state flag and for the American flag on state buildings. Governors should not countermand a presidential proclamation. Private owners of flagpoles and masts in the state can follow the proclamation but are not required.

The Speaker of the House and President Pro Tempore of the Senate might possibly be able to direct the display of the flag for the Capitol building only but should not countermand a presidential proclamation.

The Governor’s Part

Is nothing for a national event. What I get from the extract below, the Governor is not to contradict the half-staff proclamation of a President to raise the flags in his/her state. A Governor only has control over the national flag in his/her state for state matters on state buildings, not national matters on federal buildings.

The Flag Code Text Specific to Governors

The following is an extract specific to Governors from Title 4 U.S. Code § 7 – Position and manner of display (m) (bold text emphasis mine).

In the event of the death of a present or former official of the government of any State, territory, or possession of the United States, the death of a member of the Armed Forces from any State, territory, or possession who dies while serving on active duty, or the death of a first responder working in any State, territory, or possession who dies while serving in the line of duty, the Governor of that State, territory, or possession may proclaim that the National flag shall be flown at half-staff, and the same authority is provided to the Mayor of the District of Columbia with respect to present or former officials of the District of Columbia, members of the Armed Forces from the District of Columbia, and first responders working in the District of Columbia.
When the Governor of a State, territory, or possession, or the Mayor of the District of Columbia, issues a proclamation under the preceding sentence that the National flag be flown at half-staff in that State, territory, or possession or in the District of Columbia because of the death of a member of the Armed Forces, the National flag flown at any Federal installation or facility in the area covered by that proclamation shall be flown at half-staff consistent with that proclamation.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to vexillologist DeVaughn Simper, his colleagues, and Mike Kelley for their helpful explanations of previous protocol.

Visual and Movement Layering in Exhibition Drill

DrillMaster January 14, 2025Drill Team Training, Drill Teams Leave a Comment

When we look at an exhibition drill performance, a drill team has numerous options. The best way to create an effective performance is to understand the fundamentals of design. This article looks at static presentations.

Layered Movement Design

This is the layering movement over movement or movement that is opposite other movement.

Rifle/body work over marching. Movement over movement.
Call-Response. The commander executes a short sequence, and the team responds with the same sequence. This is usually found in unarmed exhibition drill. (Movement opposite movement)
A-A/A-B. See the article, What is A-A and A-B Drill? (Movement opposite movement)

Layered Visual Design

This is layering the look of the team, both statically and while moving.

A representation of the AF Drill Team at the top of the page

Visual Layering

At the top of the page is the US Air and Space Force Honor Guard Drill Team. They are in a wedge formation. There are two ways to layer when working with multiple lines:

Low, high, and higher. In the image above, you can see how this looks with the team using a low stance, a variation of a kneeling Queen Ann Salute, and then a higher stance for some of those behind using a standing Queen Ann Salute variation.
Windows. In the top image, the team commander, moving to Present Arms with his sword, is in the center, between the two Airmen at the “point” of the wedge.

Scottsdale Sea Cadets — US Army Drill Team

Top View of "Windows" — Top View of “Windows” for Exhibition Drill

Multiple Staggered "Windows" Top View Exhibition Drill — Top View of “Windows” for Exhibition Drill

View of "Windows" from Front — View of “Windows” from Front

Liberty University’s AFROTC Detachment 890 color guard

Cadets, Why Not Carry The Departmental Color?

DrillMaster January 7, 2025Color Guard/Color Team Leave a Comment

Cadets should not carry the departmental color, what the Army calls the Ceremonial Color, the 4’4”x5’6” or organizational 3’x4’ color with the official (copyrighted) symbol of the military service. Let’s get into why this is a standard that is little known.

The photo at the top is of Liberty University’s AFROTC Detachment 890 color guard. Color bearers should never hold the color to the staff. So, ignore their terrible technique.

See also the article on JROTC Cadets and State Colors.

Service Manuals State:

Each service drill and ceremonies manual states that Soldiers, Marines (Sailors and Coasties), and Airmen/Guardians, carry the colors and rifles for the color guard. More specifically, AR 840-10 forbids an Army JROTC from even owning an Army ceremonial or organizational flag. That AJROTC units must only carry the national and AJROTC.

Army:

“15-13. The Color guard consists of two (three) sergeants and two specialists or privates.”

Marine Corps:

“5. Composition of the Color Guard a. The standard Marine Corps color guard consists of four individuals of approximately equal height. Two noncommissioned officers are the color bearers and two other members, junior to the color bearers, are the color guards. The senior color bearer carries the national colors and commands the color guard. The junior color bearer carries the organizational colors, which is always on the left of the national colors. (See figure 7-4a.) If a female is part of the color guard she wears trousers, and not a skirt, for uniformity.”

For the US Navy, the infantry battalion flag is the only organizational color that can be carried in the formation. This color traditionally does not receive fringe because, historically, it was interchangeable with being carried in a color guard and flown on one of the ship’s masts.

Air Force:

“7.32.1. When practical, the color guard consists of two NCOs (the flagbearers) and two experienced Airmen or Guardians (the guards).” Note: the “when practical” is for the color bearers to be NCOs.

The SERE HG Fairchild AFB — A SERE (Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape) organization color guard at Fairchild AFB

A Side Note Here

While rank matters in the services for color guard positions, it does not matter for cadets in all programs. Cadets with any rank can man any position as long as they have been trained. The cadet with the most experience should be the commander, the US color bearer, and the second most experienced cadet should be the lead/right rifle guard. The other positions can then be manned by those with less experience.

Cadet Programs Represent:

The program and by extension, the service. No one in a cadet program is considered a Soldier, etc. None are considered “junior” either as in a “Junior Guardian” for the Space Force Cadet Corps or SFJROTC. The exception to this is the state-run program called Junior Guard, run by National Guardsmen and similar to ROTC.

The cadet programs are JROTC, Sea Cadets, Civil Air Patrol, Young Marines, Space Force Cadet Corps, and any other state- or privately-run military program. See this article for an expanded list.

Here is where I can voice my distaste for middle and high school-age program cadets wearing service uniforms, especially the utility uniform. Cadets have no business wearing camouflage. Patches on a blouse or shirt are not distinct enough to communicate the status of a cadet. The Army does a good job of requiring a grey shirt to be worn with the Class A and B uniforms. The California Cadet Corps did a good job of creating a generic uniform.

As I wrote above, the Army strictly forbids the carrying of the service colors. I very much appreciate that distinction. Similarly, the Marine Corps also has specific rules for carrying the USMC color and therefor MCJROTC and Young Marine units carry their organizational color with the wording changes on the bottom scroll.

ROTC vs. JROTC

Senior Reserve Officer Training Corps, ROTC. Senior cadets, cadets in college, are officers in training who have signed a contract with their service branch to commission into a career field upon graduation. ROTC cadets are warfighters in training.

Cadets of AROTC, AFROTC, SFROTC, and midshipmen (the naval version of cadet) of NROTC are considered “3rd Lieutenants”. They receive compensation, a certain amount of pay, while at school, attend training during each summer, and upon commissioning are then officers with the authority and responsibility that comes with the rank. The only goal of ROTC units is to prepare cadets/mids for their job in the military.

Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps, JROTC. Junior cadets, cadets in high school, are not in training for anything specific. They learn certain elementary skills that help build character and leadership abilities but nothing about JROTC readies the cadets for entrance into the military except for the brief experience they gain in the program. JROTC cadets are citizens training to be better citizens.

AROTC Colors

AR 840-10 specifically states that the national color can be larger than the other colors. That means the US can be 4’4’x5’6” and the rest of the colors would then be 3’x4’. No other dimensions are authorized for a color guard.

b. National flags listed below are for indoor display and for use in ceremonies and parades. For these purposes, the flag of the United States will be of rayon banner cloth or heavyweight nylon, trimmed on three sides with golden yellow fringe, 2 1/2 inches wide. It will be the same size or larger than other flags displayed or carried at the same time.

(1) 4-foot 4-inch hoist by 5-foot 6-inch fly. This size flag will be displayed with the U.S. Army flag, organizational flag of ACOMs, positional colors (see table 3–1), the Corps of Cadets’ color, the 1st Battalion, 3d Infantry color, the 4-foot 4-inch by 5-foot 6-inch chapel flag and the individual flag of a general of the Army. [All of the flags mentioned are the same dimensions as the US. -DM]

(2) 3-foot hoist by 4-foot fly. This size flag will be displayed with the Army Field flag, distinguishing flags, organizational colors, and institutional flags of the same size. It will also be displayed within the offices listed in paragraph 2–3c below when no other positional or organizational flags are authorized.

4-2. The U.S. Army Field flag, a. (12) Senior ROTC units of universities and colleges in lieu of the U.S. Army flag with streamers. Requisition must be accompanied by a check or money order from the school. Army funds may not be used to purchase the U.S. Army flag with streamers or the U.S. Army Field flag.

We can see here that Illinois state team should have a different set of colors, based on the information above.

Questions Answered on the 30-Step Sequence

DrillMaster December 31, 2024Regulation Drill Leave a Comment

I receive questions all the time and usually provide quick answers for a ceremony happening in a few days or even a few hours. Air Force JROTC created a 30-Step Sequence for freshman cadets like the other service JROTC programs and I recently received several questions about the performance of the sequence.

For the sequence and the best scoresheets to judge it, see the Resources page and scroll down to JROTC.

The Message

My unit (San Angelo Central TX-936, AFJROTC) is trying to make a guide to explain how to properly command the AFJROTC 30-step sequence so that we can stop making the same mistakes over and over again.

Question 1. Does the commander give his flight present arms right before reporting in/reporting out?

Answer. A commander salutes for his formation. If the sequence has the commander bring the flight to Present, do it, but don’t do it otherwise.

Question 2. Should the commander have his flight fall-in in such a way that he is far enough away from his flight that he doesn’t have to move backwards to give open ranks?

Answer. Open Ranks requires the commander to start out at a 3-step distance from the first element. This is the NCO distance and is required because of the dimensions of the drill area. On the command March, the commander is to immediately move to check alignment of the flight since this is what the NCO would do. Moving backwards is unnecessary.

If you are marching as an officer, then you will be six step away, but you would not give Open Ranks outside of a competition, the flight NCO would.

Question 3. When saying ready front after eyes right, should the commander say it while still saluting the judge, or should he say it after he drops his salute?

Answer. The command is given while still rendering the hand salute and the head turned to the right. The judge should not salute, there is a big misconception about this. Judges only salute for the report-in/out (reporting requires an exchange of salutes). The Eyes Right salute is not to or for the judge to react to in the form of a salute, the judge is to react by JUDGING the Eyes Right sequence (error detection and achievement). The flight commander uses the judge’s position to properly enact the sequence of the two commands, that’s it. Six steps before and after the judge is all the flight commander needs to know, whether the judge erroneously salutes or not, is immaterial.

Question 4. How would the commander get on the correct side of his flight after column rights? How is the correct side determined? (We have been told our commanders are on the wrong side for eyes right and flight halt.)

Answer. The commander switching sides is a mostly west coast thing. I even did it in AFJROTC in AZ 79-83. However, there is no provision in AFPAM 34-1203 for the commander to ever switch sides, that’s not supposed to happen. If you still choose to, and I hope you don’t, you must be on the correct side of the flight, next to the first element, for Eyes Right and to halt.

Question 5. If the commander is not directly in front of the judge, should they execute a half left/right face to report in/report out or should they continue facing their current direction?

Answer. The US military does not execute tiny facing movements for anything. When reporting, you turn your head (Army and AF only) to the one receiving the the report. Just the head, not the shoulders or waist.

The Colors Diamond Formation

DrillMaster December 24, 2024Color Guard/Color Team Leave a Comment

The diamond formation is an alternative for traveling that is quite unique. When properly done, it looks good. It is used for traveling only, as it is not an appropriate static formation. Static formations are fully explained in service drill and ceremonies manuals. Is it authorized?

Standard, Authorized Formations

Line Formation is the go-to standard for almost every ceremony.
1. Explained in each service drill and ceremonies manual.
Inverted Line Formation is only used when directly posting the colors into the stands. That means the stands are right at your feet. The Army uses this for posting the colors and anyone else can as well. Inverted Line is never used any other time because it puts the national color to the left of the other color(s).
1. TC 3-21.5, “The Color sergeant then commands Order, ARMS; Right, FACE; and Forward, MARCH. On the command of execution MARCH, the Color guard marches to the rear of the head table (see figure 15-1 on page 15-7). Once the Color guard is centered on the flag stand, they Mark Time and the Color sergeant commands Colors, HALT and Right, FACE [this is inverted line -DM]. The Color guard should approach the flag stands from the right to position the national Color bearer in front of the flag holder on the right, facing the audience.”
1. Mentioned in MCO 5060.20, “Make sure the colors do not reform inverted [this is inverted line -DM].”
Column Formation is used constantly for starting colors presentations where the team moves through a very narrow aisleway into Line Formation for the presentation, and then departs in Column Formation. Briefly mentioned in MCO 5060.20, but anyone can use the formation.
1. MCO 5060.20, “The aisles may be too narrow for a color guard to march in normal formation. The color guard would then march in by two’s or in column of ones.”
Inverted Column Formation is never used at any time because it puts the national color behind the other color(s).
1. Both Column and Inverted Column are briefly mentioned in MCO 5060.20, “If marching in a column of ones, the order of march is ALWAYS, right color guard, national color bearer, organizational color bearer, left color guard.”
Column of Twos is used for narrow aisleways and not seen very often. To form this while marching, the guards just drop back with a shorter step and move behind the bearers. To reform, the bearers either halt or the bearers march in place and the guards move up.
1. Only MCO 5060 explains this, “The aisles may be too narrow for a color guard to march in normal formation. The color guard would then march in by two’s or in column of ones. (See figures 7-26 and 7-27.) If marching in by twos, the color bearers lead, and the riflemen follow. Upon reaching the spot for presenting the colors, the riflemen would step into their normal position.” Anyone can use the formation.

Forming the Diamond with Four

RAF Lakenheath (UK) BHG colors in Diamond Formation

If the team is marching shoulder-to-shoulder, the ceremonial standard (not authorized for ROTC, JROTC, etc.), then you must Split It (you don’t have to go to Mark Time) and move to Close Interval before moving to the diamond.

When the team first falls-in, you can form the diamond for a parade or a colors presentation. You want Normal Interval for the depth (one arm’s length), plus about 12”.

When you start in Line Formation and begin marching forward and want to move into the diamond, a simple “Diamond, MARCH” is called on two consecutive left steps, the team takes one more step with the right at Quick Time and executes the move.

On the next left step, National (“Nats”) and Org bearers begin a shorter step while Left Rifle Guard (“L”) starts a Half Step and marches to the center of and behind the bearers. Simultaneously, the Right Rifle Guard (“R”) marching at Quick Time, moves to the center of and in front of the bearers. All this can be accomplished in about eight steps.

To resume Quick Time, the team either steps off on the ninth step (left foot) and continues or the commander can give “Ready, STEP” on two consecutive left steps with the step off at Quick Time on the following left.

The guards must move to a position that creates considerable distance between them and the bearers to enable the Colors Turn-On for a color presentation.

Below is the end result of marching to the diamond without the bearers moving outward. This creates thinner diamond that isn’t as visually pleasing. Having the color bearers move out to create a wider distance between them looks better.

To present the colors and move into Line Formation facing left requires a modified Colors Turn-On that is accomplished in four steps.

Movement from the Skinny and Normal Diamond

Notice that the guards rotate in place and the bearers execute a wheel with the rotation point between them. Notice that the Skinny Diamond needs no alteration for the movement of the bearers, but the Diamond does. Here, the bearers must move inward and wheel at the same time.

Forming the Diamond with Five

The team with five members does virtually the same thing as the team with four, but the guards must travel a bit longer.

The Diamond for Five 5 — The Diamond for Five Line Formation

Add two steps for the guards to transition to and from the diamond. The guards should be the same distance from the bearers as if the team was manned with four, Normal Interval (one arm’s length), plus about 12”. The bearers need to be at Close Interval and do not need to space out like the two bearers do above since the three bearers form a wider diamond and more visually pleasing formation.

If you are doing this to present the colors, march into position, execute the modified Colors Turn-On, and present the colors, the bearers execute a wheel without changing their distance, but there is a modification that needs to be accomplished by the guards.

Here, you can see that the guards must move out and away from the bearers as they turn 90 degrees to the left so as to end up at Close Interval from the two end bearers.

Larger Color Guards?

I wouldn’t. This should be it, a team of four or five.

Lastly

The color guard in these images is the Base Honor Guard (BHG) at RAF Lakenheath and/or Mildenhall in England. They are not doing very well in maintaining the ceremonial standards required for a BHG set forth by the USAF Honor Guard, but I used these photos to clearly illustrate the Diamond Formation.

Download the PDF of this description by clicking here.

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