Colors Storage System at MBW

Maintenance and Storage of Color Guard-Related Equipment

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Equipment is expensive! The storage of colors and flags needs to be considered carefully to ensure your equipment lasts.

Maintenance of Staffs

Mil-Bar Flagstaff Repair Kit
Mil-Bar Guidon Staff/Flagstaff Repair Kit

The Guidon Staff Repair Kit. The kit is necessary to have on hand and only available from Mil-Bar.com. In the kit, you have brass machine screws and brass connectors (tubes). The connectors insert into the holes on the guidon flagstaff and the screws secure into the connectors. The short connectors are for the ferrules and the long connectors are for the middle screw joint.

Continuous flagstaff maintenance is very necessary. Always ensure the screws are tight on the middle screw joint and each ferrule monthly. However, there comes a time when you might overlook tightening one screw, it works it way loose with constant use, and it’s gone. What makes matters worse is losing the inner brass connector to which both screws attach. These connectors are critical for securing the middle screw joint and the upper and lower ferrules to the staff. Many throughout the years have relied on a wood screw to make up for the lost screw(s) and connector(s). It might work for a while but there’s a better way.

Powdered graphite. This is a key item to have in your toolkit. Applying graphite powder on the threads of the screw joint, each screw, and the screw post for the finial will help keep them locked in place and yet allows easy removal if necessary.

Powdered Graphite Tube
Powdered Graphite Lubricant Tube

Storing Colors and Flags: Short-Term

Colors are flags mounted on a flagstaff that have a staff sleeve and fringe. A note here: The Navy has flags that have a staff sleeve without fringe that are solely for outdoor display on a mast. The sleeve adds strength against high winds. These flags are not carried by a color guard (no fringe). There is also the battalion flag that has a staff sleeve and is not authorized to have fringe because it can be displayed on a mast and also carried in a color guard (the only exception).

The photo at the top of the page was taken during my visit in 2018 to Marine Barracks Washington (MBW). That is the how the Color Guard of the Marine Corps stores all its colors for the different teams that are sent out each day in and around Washington DC and the country.

Here is a different view to show the battle streamer storage rack below on the left.

Above, on the right, at the 3rd Infantry Regiment, The Old Guard’s Continental Color Guard (CCG), the team uses a similar storage system to Marine Barracks Washington but drapes the flags back over the staff. This minimizes the flag material, which is quite heavy, from stretching.

Storage of Colors on Hangers
Storage of Colors on Hangers

Storing Colors and Flags: Long-Term

When storing colors, not flags, for a longer period, the best thing to do is remove it from the staff, fold it twice lengthwise, and drape it over a hanger.

This method is the best for long-term storage of colors. It minimizes wrinkles and creases and, when you put a garment bag over the color, it will remain virtually dust-free.

Use of Colors

Don’t iron colors, you could easily damage the material. Make sure you steam your colors before each performance. The material will not be perfectly flat, that just won’t happen but do your best to get wrinkles and creases out so that, at least, they becomes softer waves in the material.

The same goes for streamers. Steam them.

Storing Flags

A flag can be folded into a rectangle (civilians) or a triangle (military* and civilians). Either is appropriate, depending on your status.

Flag Storage Rectangle or Triangle
Flag Storage Rectangle or Triangle

*Military status includes Active Duty, Reserve, National Guard, Veterans, and all cadet programs. All in this category are required to fold the flag as our service manuals dictate.

When folded into a triangle, the plastic storage bag is an option to keep the flag free of dust. The bag should not be left in direct sunlight as that will create moisture to appear inside the bag and could damage the flag.

A flag is folded into a tight rectangle when brand new, boxed, and mail to you. The reason for this is because civilians are not required to fold the flag at all.

New US Folded into Rectangle
New US flag folded into Rectangle

The rectangle is good, loose or tight, and so is rolling the flag.

Why roll the flag for storage? Because it can cause less wrinkles. If your military unit is hoisting the flag every morning and lowering it each evening, the only option you have is to fold the flag into a triangle and store it that way. Rolling is more for long-term storage.

Iron your flag if it is cotton. Steam all the rest of your flags and colors.

Cleaning Flags and Colors

For synthetic fabrics – cold water, machine wash normal cycle, and air dry. Mild detergent or, better yet, pure soap.

For wool/cotton fabrics cold water soak with Oxy Clean or similar product then gentle cycle with cold water. Extra rinse and air dry.

My eleven interment training flags needed to be washed. That is what you see in the photos above. I folded the first three we washed without ironing or steaming the wrinkles out of them and left them folded for 24 hours to see the results. After opening the flags, they are all still quite wrinkled and need to be gently ironed.

After washing, hanging out to dry, and ironing, the fibers in the flags tightened and shrank just a tiny bit making them “crisp” again with the first fold for each turning out really well.

Colors Harnesses, Web Belts, and Gloves

Colors Harness Socket Diagram
Colors Harness Diagram

Sometimes the harness is called a “sling”. Using that term can confuse team members since the rifles have a sling attached. Use “harness”.

Double-Colors-Harness
Clarino Double Colors Harness

Clarino is a type of poromeric (fake, shiny) leather just like the corfam (not “corfram”) shoes we wear in uniform, the clarino colors harness (shown at the right) is black with a very high gloss. There are also leather colors harnesses that come in black and white that do not have a shine to them. All three of these need to be wiped down with a clean damp cloth and the leather should be treated with a leather conditioner on a regular basis.

The rectangular socket frame should be wiped down and the screws checked and tightened regularly. This is the type of frame and socket that is best. The Marine Corps and even the Army use a socket that has a smaller mouth to it and the socket moves on a ball joint.

Notice that the straps of the clarino harness attach to themselves and have only one attachment point at the top of the harness socket frame. This provides the best balance for carrying a flagstaff. The harness below has four attachment points to the frame. I do not suggest using this type, regardless of the socket itself.

Harness Plastic Shield Socket four-point and belt
Harness Plastic Shield Socket four-point and belt

The harness at the top right has the four-point shoulder strap attachment points to the shield-type frame and a plastic cup. I cannot recommend this at all.

Below it, you see the belt harness. This is mostly used by law enforcement who already have quite a bit of equipment over their shoulders and on their torso. It’s understandable but then it forces the team to use the telescoping flagstaffs (that are absolutely junk). I cannot recommend this either.

Cleaning web harness straps and belts is easily done with a stiff yet soft brush. DO not wipe with a paper towel as that will fall apart and leave bits of the towel in the material. If you have white web straps, belts, and gloves that need to be cleaned, if you use bleach, the chemical will cause the material to yellow over time. Use a fingernail brush and a little dishwashing liquid. Avoid getting metal tabs wet as they will rust.

Rifles

Rifle Slings Mounted
Rifle Slings Mounted

For working rifles, there’s the standard maintenance that you can find in military manuals and online. This includes cleaning the barrel and oiling the metal, etc. For a replica rifle, using a damp cloth to regularly keep the rifle clean is probably the most you need to do.

Long-term storage of today’s replica rifles is something you need to consider. There is the Daisy Drill Rifle, an M1903A3 replica, and there are several different types of DrillAmerica Replica rifles that are made to look like the M1 Garand and the M1903A3.

A note here on slings. For long-term storage, you may want to consider dismounting the slings and removing the metal from the slings as those metal pieces and the sling swivels on the rifle can create grooves in the sling material and also stain the material.

Rifle Sling Rust
Rifle Sling Rust

I like both brands of replica rifles, but as I explain in my article, Which Drill Rifle is Better: Glendale or Daisy? the Glendale rifles have a coating on all the metal parts. That means it will last longer without rust or corrosion developing. The Daisy is not coated at all, and you will see rust on the barrel within the first year.

In the drier climates, the rust and corrosion are less likely to form, while in the southeast, rust is waiting at the door the moment the new rifles are unboxed. I know of JROTC instructors who have taken all of their rifles to a gunsmith and had all the metal parts blued. It’s a smart thing to coat the metal with something, even good ol’ Rustoleum is better than nothing.

Replica Rifle Stocks

Dinged Rifles
Dinged Rifles

Dings and bruises are bound to happen. The stocks of most replica rifles are made of a composite material, essentially a hardened plastic.

At right is a photo of a couple of my training rifles. In the foreground is a DrillAmerica M1 Garand and in the background are a couple of older DrillAmerica Mark (MK) 1 Enfield M1917 replicas.

For the Mark 1s, it would be a matter of removing or taping over the upper receiver, trigger housing, sling swivels, and barrel end and just spray painting the stock with whatever color I think would be best. I have had an idea for years of having an exhibition drill team with two different rifle colors using the school colors which would be reflected in the shoulder cord colors, ascot, and even the gloves.

For the M1 Garand with the wood grain stock, a small, slight ding can be covered by a brown permanent marker. Any kind of mark that is large or if there are many marks like on my rifle shown here, you will have to try an alternative method of painting or taping.

Drill and ceremonies trainer David Simons in North Carolina uses friction tape. The tape does not leave a sticky residue and can be easily replaced. Eagles Hockey Tape, used on baseball bats, lacrosse and hockey sticks, tennis rackets, and much more, is what he recommends.

Vexillologist DeVaughn Simper suggests Flex Seal as a paint alternative. This product comes in a variety of colors and is extremely strong.

Jason Boykin, one of my connections on LinkedIn, suggested using a vinyl wrap, purchasing the vinyl in bulk and then applying it to the stock parts.

Stuart Montgomery, from my Facebook page, recommends ACF50. It is used worldwide by the marine & aviation industry as well as domestically in the vehicle/motorcycle sector & US military to prevent corrosion.

He noted, “Having used it extensively on motorcycles which were subjected to hostile weather (winter road salt, etc.) I swear by it. Only the very, very lightest application is required for long-term protection.

“It’s amazing! As an experiment, he sprayed half of a metal file, left it outdoors for 6 months. The untreated half quickly corroded while the treated half was like new! Only the lightest application is required. Clean the surface, spray the ACF50 onto a cloth and wipe down.”

Several readers like to use CLP – “Cleanz-Oil,” or Hoppe’s Break Free. I recommend Hoppe’s Number 9 after the corrosion is gone.

A couple of readers also mentioned Ballistol and CLP Break Free gun cleaners and lubricants.

Marcus Santana suggested powder or ceramic coating (not very expensive) or plating (expensive).

Greg Swiertz wrote, “I think naval jelly for rust removal and then ACF 50 like Stuart recommended. Sanding can embed the rust, and the cycle is never ending. Ceramic clear coat is another option.

Dan Fystro mentioned, “I have worked on some severely corroded metal part in my life, at home and on the job. In a mechanic situation the cheapest rust inhibitor and break free item I have found is automatic transmission fluid. Heat it up while it is on the part until it smokes. saturate again and smoke off. This combination has done wonders for me trying to break parts free. Side note the use of white vinegar will chemically stop rust from growing so you can treat with further rust preventive measures and/or paint coverage. These may not solve the issue you are having but I thought I would bring this up since in most cases these weapons will not be used to fire ammunition, and it would not be a safety factor.”

Greg Adams commented, “corrosion doesn’t have to happen. It happens when there is neglect. The metal needs to be wiped down EVERY time with a Ballistol/CLP/fluid film/whatever… If it gets wet, it needs to be dried first, then wiped. Rusty guns, rusty tools, doesn’t matter, that corrosion shown is neglect, period. Now, you could buff it with 4 ought steel wool and oil it, or get it redone. Either way, it needs to be maintained.”

Conclusion

If you want to keep your equipment looking nice for as long as possible, maintain it properly.

Did I miss anything? Please let me know!

Carrying the flag flat

DoD-Mandated Disrespect to American Flag

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For years the Pentagon has paid Big Sportsball to have troops carry a giant flag on a football field as a recruiting tool even though it directly breaks the law, and the standard set forth in an Army Regulation.

Parachutist with Flag
Banned! Parachutist with Flag

Ignored, then Banned

On Feb. 10, 2023, the Pentagon banned uniformed service members from “unfurling, holding, and/or carrying of giant horizontal U.S. flags” and military parachute teams from carrying the flag since it constantly hit the ground at each jump. Before that, the Pentagon paid truckloads of money to Big Sportsball to aid with recruiting turning a blind eye to the published standards.

The National Defense Authorization Act of 2024 changes that. Recruiting is at an extreme low so that must mean the DoD must break the rules, right? Recruiting is historically low whenever a democrat is in the office of the President.

The Flag is Not Carried Flat

Not because I say so, but because it is public law and a regulation.

  • The Flag Code: The Flag Code was enacted into law August 21, 1959. It was written by referencing Departments of the Army and Navy manuals of the time. It applies to the civilian population of the USA and not the military since the military has its own guidance.

“The flag should never be carried flat or horizontally, but always aloft and free.”

4 US Code § 7, Position and manner of display, paragraph (c)

Notice the quote says “Never” and “Always”.

Don’t let the idiocy of the Supreme Court bring you to the strange conclusion that “It’s not a law anymore”. Title 4 is an enforceable law, it’s just that the SCOTUS decided to make disrespect to the flag a mere matter of freedom of speech, purposefully ignoring the law.

Flag Carried Flat by CAP
Flag Carried Flat by CAP
  • Military Manuals:
    • DoD Instruction 5410.10 Volume 4, Community Outreach Activities: Ceremonial, Musical, and Aerial Event Support; MCO 5060.20, Drill and Ceremponies; MCO 10520.3, Flag Manual; and AFI 34-1201/90-1201, Protocol, all have nothing to say about carrying the flag flat. This is because manuals state the guidelines for how to do things, not an endless list of what not to do. Having said that, the Army made it very clear for everyone decades ago and still has that standard.
    • AR 840-10, Flags, Guidons, Streamers, Tabards, and Automobile and Aircraft Plates, Chapter 2, paragraph 2-4. Position and manner of display.

“The flag should never be carried flat or horizontally but always aloft and free.”

AR 840-10, Chapter 2, paragraph 2-4. Position and manner of display.

Notice this quote also says “Never” and “Always”.

What is an Army Regulation (AR)? How is it different from a manual, circular, or pamphlet?

This regulation is signed by the Secretary of the Army and Army Chief of Staff. Those signatures come with authority of several public laws “The authorities for this regulation are 4 USC 7, 10 USC 7285, 10 USC 7565, 10 USC 7714, 18 USC 706, and 36 USC 300106.”. It’s tantamount to a military law that will be followed.

The Argument for Allowing It

Gadsden Flag is a Banner
Gadsden Flag is a Banner
  • “It’s not a flag”: Weak argument! Here’s why.
    • “It’s a banner.” No, it’s not. A banner is a type of flag used specifically for communication. The Gadsden flag (below) is actually a banner.
    • To understand the difference between the terms flag, color, banner, and standard, read the article A Flag is a Flag – the DrillMaster Study.
    • Every other argument is weak because the Flag Code specifically states:

The words “flag, standard, colors, or ensign”, as used herein, shall include any flag, standard, colors, ensign, or any picture or representation of either, or of any part or parts of either, made of any substance or represented on any substance, of any size evidently purporting to be either of said flag, standard, colors, or ensign of the United States of America or a picture or a representation of either, upon which shall be shown the colors, the stars and the stripes, in any number of either thereof, or of any part or parts of either, by which the average person seeing the same without deliberation may believe the same to represent the flag, colors, standard, or ensign of the United States of America.

4 U.S. Code § 3 (emphasis mine)
Wife receiving her dead husband flag draped casket
Wife receiving her dead husband flag draped casket

Why Get on This Soap Box?

Because standards matter, DoD and Big Sportsball. We created the standards at one time for a very good reason and we don’t pick and choose when, where, and how they are implemented. What needs to happen next is for the DoD to actually follow AR 840-10 and all the Sportsball organizations and flag makers to start follow the Flag Code.

Respect to the flag matters because it mattered to this woman’s husband. She was eventually presented that flag, just as thousands of other family members have been around the country. That flag means something to the recipients, it’s something they hold dear in their hearts but now we get to violate published standards just because recruiting is at an all-time low.

Recruiting is low for many reasons and several I could rattle off right now but don’t want to get political. It does begin with leadership, however, leadership we have been lacking for over a decade. Putting a gigantic flag on a sportsball field is not going to solve the problem.

Flag Makers are in a Catch-22

Big Sportsball orders a giant flag from Flag Company ABC because Big Sportsball  knows that if they play the patriotism card, it will work every time and keep viewers glued to the TV. If Flag Company ABC doesn’t make the enormous flag because it’s going to be used to violate the Flag Code, Big Sportsball just goes to Flag Company XYZ who is more than ready to make the flag and get paid thousands. In any economy, turning down business can be detrimental, I understand that, and what makes this situation worse is that a company overseas will do anything for a contract at half the price, but you get a substandard product. Still, if it looks good on TV: people wave that giant flag, hearts swell, and a tear comes to the eye while some singer belts out the Star-Spangled Banner hitting every note possible toward the last few notes, and everything is good.

Firefighters in Formation

First Responders, the Pledge, Anthem, and Taps

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It’s a grey area and I am writing this for clarification based on a message I received. What do first responders do when the Pledge of Allegiance or the Star-Spangled Banner are on the itinerary for a ceremony? Let’s go through this.

The Situation

The message: In lieu of the National Anthem, there was a collective recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance. Our command staff inquired with our team leadership who made the call that all uniformed personnel should recite the pledge with hands over the heart. Those who were critical felt that a salute was the proper honor to be rendered.

To the best of my recollection, for uniformed military personnel, the prescription is standing at attention. All persons in civilian attire would render the “civilian salute” of the hand over the heart. In the realm of public safety, we are rather ununiform.

Firefighters in formation
Firefighters in formation

Recommendations

For the Pledge: Have everyone stand at Attention, face the flag, and, if outside, render the hand salute (whether wearing a hat or not since some departments do not wear hats with all uniforms), if indoors, no salute and no hand over the heart. As you can see by the text from the Flag Code below the guidance is for “persons in uniform”.

4 U.S. Code § 4 – Pledge of allegiance to the flag; manner of delivery

The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart. When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, and render the military salute. Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform. (Underline emphasis mine.)

This brings up a great point. If an auditorium is filled with 200 LEOs, for instance, and then four administrative employees who are not uniformed workers, it would be very awkward to have four voices out of 204 people reciting the Pledge. Time to make sure that you have a recording of the Star-Spangled Banner instrumental or have a volunteer sing rather than relying on the Pledge.

The Star-Spangled Banner and Taps: Same as above. Render the hand salute on the first note and drop the salute on the last.

“All Uniformed Personnel! Present, ARMS!”

This is a typical command for large gatherings of first responders at funerals, memorials, etc. It works and I don’t think it should be changed (I’ve been asked). The alternative would be to create large battalion formations in column of different departments, designate commanders and one commander over the whole formation and then go through the rigmarole of the proper procedure “Give your units, Attention/Present Arms, Parade Rest” and the commanders turning around and in sequence giving the commands. It’s too much and first responder gatherings are much better served with the “All uniformed personnel” commands.

At a funeral, if necessary, go off the commands of the color guard since that element is the closest to the casket and can hear/see what is happening.

The “Slow Salute”

In a formation, there is no such thing as a slow salute. One count up, one count down. That’s it. In front of the family is different (read Folded Flag Salute Protocol). The slow salute, three seconds up and down, is rendered by an individual handing off a flag to the presenter or next-of-kin. It’s also used for casket watch (guards do not salute each other).

Boca NJROTC State Championship 2016 Armed Drill Team

Understanding the Implementation of Military Drill

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Continuing my series on drill and ceremonies, this is the sixth installment. Links to the previous:

  1. Understanding the Definition and Types of Military Drill
  2. Understanding the Purpose of Military Drill
  3. Understanding the Benefits of Military Drill
  4. Understanding Arguments Against of Military Drill
  5. Understanding the History and Current Problems with Military Drill

We often overlook the fundamental aspects and fail to implement D&C effectively in our training programs. As a result, we miss out on the opportunity to develop essential skills such as leadership, confidence, and attention to detail. By not fully utilizing D&C, we are unable to foster the esprit de corps and mutual loyalty that are vital for a cohesive and efficient military unit.

Arrian and Plutarch, major sources on Alexander the Great’s life, describe the Macedonian army as highly disciplined and trained, which was crucial to their success in battles.

Managing Time

It is essential to recognize the importance of D&C and ensure it is integrated into our training programs to reap their full benefits.

  • Efficient Use of Time in Military Training: In the military, time is a precious resource, and its efficient use is crucial for the success of training programs. Every activity, from physical training to classroom instruction to working the job on the flightline, range, or office, must be carefully planned and executed to maximize its effectiveness. Drill and ceremonies (D&C) is no exception. It is an integral part of military training that, when properly implemented, contributes significantly to the overall development of military personnel.
  • Drill and Ceremonies as a Time-Efficient Training Tool: D&C is designed to instill discipline, coordination, and teamwork among members of the military, cadets, and others who march. These activities teach adherence to standards, response to commands, and individual coordination, which are essential for effective military operations. By incorporating D&C into the training schedule, military units can achieve multiple objectives simultaneously. For example, while practicing drill movements, members also develop their physical fitness, attention to detail, and ability to work as a cohesive unit. This multifaceted approach ensures that time spent on D&C is not wasted but rather enhances various aspects of training.
  • Challenges in Utilizing D&C Efficiently: Despite the numerous benefits of D&C, there are challenges in ensuring its efficient use. Some military units may overlook the importance of D&C or fail to integrate it effectively into their training programs. This can result in missed opportunities to develop essential skills such as leadership, confidence, and esprit de corps. To address this, it is important to recognize the value of D&C and allocate sufficient time and resources to these activities. By doing so, military units can reap the full benefits of D&C and enhance the overall effectiveness of their training programs.

Discipline is the soul of an army. It makes small numbers formidable; procures success to the weak, and esteem to all.”

General George Washington

D&C = Discipline = Lethality

“We are here to kill people and break things, and D&C, along with uniform and grooming standards, don’t matter in the modern warfighter era.” This is the tired mantra by some who take the image of a lone special operator who has been in the field for months, his hair and beard showing it, and equate his performance in that arena with a complete disregard for D&C and the maintaining dress and appearance standards. These standards supposedly “don’t affect” the lethality of the warrior.

The argument is a non sequitur, a Latin term that means “does not follow”, an invalid argument in which the conclusion cannot be logically deduced from the premises; a logical fallacy. Note- more on these logical fallacies tomorrow.

If these standards don’t affect lethality, then why are they emphasized from the beginning of military training? The reason why these standards are so emphasized in initial military training is because they shift the mindset of the individual from being a civilian to working in an environment where they must collaborate with others to achieve that lethality. We don’t become lethal warfighters in the modern day all by ourselves. Drill and ceremonies is not just about appearance; it is about instilling discipline, coordination, teamwork, and more. Please feel free to reread the above benefits as many times as necessary until they sink in. These elements are crucial for effective military operations.

In today’s modern warfare, the precision and discipline developed through D&C are more relevant than ever. The ability to respond to commands with accuracy and to move in unison as a cohesive unit can make the difference between success and failure in high-stakes situations. Moreover, maintaining standards of dress and appearance fosters a sense of pride and professionalism, which translates into better performance on the battlefield.

The historical and traditional significance of D&C also plays a role in fostering esprit de corps and mutual loyalty among military personnel. These practices create a strong bond and a collective identity, which are essential for a cohesive and efficient military unit. In essence, D&C and adherence to standards are integral to developing the mindset and skills necessary for the modern warfighter’s lethality

We do war-like things to the best of our ability in training and on the battlefield. We also do our best in drill and ceremonies when required. Because that’s what we do in the military. We do both. They are not mutually exclusive and those who think they have no concept of the fully rounded Soldier, Marine, Sailor, Airman, Guardian, or Coast Guardsman.

Creating a Culture of Professionalism Through D&C

I received a message from a JROTC instructor with a question on how to create a level of professionalism for the cadets in drill and ceremonies and then have the cadets keep it going for years to come. While the following is more directed for cadets, these principles are relevant for everyone.

The Message

I’m trying to get my team to a level of professionalism (D&C) that can be passed down for generations. Any suggestions or advice? Also, I am contemplating purchasing your books. Any help would be appreciated!

My Reply

Start by Reading. Instilling a culture of professionalism in the D&C aspect of your program rests in you encouraging your cadet leadership to read and know the governing regs:

For Regulation Drill

First, read your applicable service manuals. You can download all of these from the Resources page.

You can download These manuals from the Resources page of my website. I also suggest they read the articles at my website. They, in turn, need to encourage others to read. As I always write, education is key.

For Exhibition Drill

To Get You Started: Articles on Regulation Drill. Specific articles to to start:

Put What You Read Into Action

This constant encouragement will begin to create a culture of education and training. I also suggest creating job descriptions for each position and creating positions:

  • Color guard: a commander for each team and a training specialist for the “colors element”, one who knows where to reference everything that the TC and AR say about colors.
  • Drill team: a commander for each team and a training specialist for unarmed and armed teams. I also suggest a training specialist who is responsible for the exhibition routines.

Cadets can hold more than one position, and I think this breakdown not only helps divide responsibilities but also create stronger cadets who become subject matter experts for each position. Those cadets are seniors who have a junior cadet to assist and ultimately train to take over after the senior cadet graduates.

It’s my experience that when cadets are given the knowledge and tools, you can step to the side and watch them take off.

Transformational leadership refers to four elements known as the 4I model:

  • Idealized Influence – essentially, this means being a role model. SHOW your team how you want them to be and lead by example.
  • Inspirational Motivation – this component suggests that in order for a transformational leader to be successful they must INVOLVE their followers in the development of the vision so that everyone has a clear commitment to shared goals.
  • Intellectual Stimulation – don’t assume that you’re better than the people on your team. You NEED them in order to keep the wheels greased, so don’t overlook the intellect and advice they might be able to offer. In other words, reinforce the idea regularly that ‘there are no stupid questions,’ and everyone should feel comfortable offering input. Remember, you wanted them on your team for a reason.
  • Individualized Consideration – as a leader, you are also a coach, and a good coach acts as a mentor for each individual team member. Learn the needs of each team member and find opportunities for each follower based on their unique needs and desires. When you do this, your followers will feel appreciated and invested in the work they’re doing AND loyal to you as a leader.

Marine Corps Boot Camp Platoon

Understanding the History and Current Problems with Military Drill

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Continuing my series on drill and ceremonies, this is the fifth installment. Links to the previous:

  1. Understanding the Definition and Types of Military Drill
  2. Understanding the Purpose of Military Drill
  3. Understanding the Benefits of Military Drill
  4. Understanding Arguments Against of Military Drill

This is not a rant about how “in my day” the Air Force (at least) was better, stronger, etc. Even though that statement might have a tiny bit of truth, this part of this series is about identifying today’s troubles, and then the next installment is on how to effectively implement drill and ceremonies.

Strong to Weak

Tighter, fully explained guidelines = better a performance. Because those guidelines provide a vastly better understanding of standards and the expected outcome. Similarly, loose guidelines = poorer performance because the team is forced into guessing what to do at times.

I understand the application of the statement out of AFPAM 34-1203:

1.1.1. This pamphlet includes most Air Force and Space Force needs in drill and ceremonies, but it does not cover every situation that may arise. For unusual situations, using good judgment and taking into account the purpose of the movement or procedure can often provide the solution.

That works well in some situations, but it requires a good amount of knowledge and skill to be able to use good judgment and pull off a ceremony that isn’t detailed in the pamphlet, but with the lack of emphasis on D&C, we are not producing NCOs who have that knowledge and skill.

  • Expanded and Precise Guidelines: Dr. Spock destroyed child rearing with his of advice (from 1946 to petering out in the early 1980s) to raise with praise only and not setting strict guidance. He did this on purpose (that’s a deep rabbit hole), following the guidelines for training a dog. A dog doesn’t understand punitive measures but reacts much better to positive reinforcement. Not so the child. In order to not figuratively wander, a child needs strict parameters and as much information as possible as he/she grows in order to make the best decisions possible. We are not providing those strict parameters.
  • Authority to Enforce: The Decline and Fall of Roman Empire, a book by Edward Gibbon, details how Rome fell. In a brief nutshell that doesn’t do the book any justice, Rome fell due to standards dropping like a stone. “Training Circular” and “Pamphlet” are the weakest designation for guidance in the military.

Let’s take a deeper look at the information provided by each service.

For All Services:

  • Baron von Steuben’s Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States, 1779.
  • Smyth’s Manual Drill and Ceremonies 1812.
  • Hardee Revised Manual 1861.
  • Casey’s Infantry Tactics 1862.

Army:

  • The Army published Infantry Drill Regulations in 1891 and 1911.
  • COL Bernard Lentz wrote six editions (1919 – 1957) of The Cadence System of Teaching Close Order Drill .
  • In 1924, Infantry Drill Regulations Illustrated and Simplified With Hints to Drill Instructors was written by Army officers Bond, Garey, Ellis, McMurray, and Crouch.
  • The Army published Field Manual (FM) 22-5, Basic Field Manual Infantry Drill Regulations, in 1939.
  • In 1946, 22-5 was retitled Leadership, Courtesy, and Drill.
  • In 1953, 22-5 was retitled again to Drill and Ceremonies and expanded to include information on mounted drill and the first brief description for the color guard.
  • in 2012 FM 22-5 was reclassified 3-21.5 became then Training Circular (TC) 3-21.5

The Field Manual. “Manual” has authority behind it. It means “this is how you do such-and-such” procedures. Now and lost all of it’s authority. Now, it’s just for “training”.

Marine Corps, Navy, & Coast Guard:

  • The Navy’s Landing-Force Manual (I have the 1921 edition) had a small section for individual armed drill.
  • The Landing Party Manual, renamed by at least 1950, had D&C removed.
  • The Bluejacket’s Manual had some individual armed drill (I have the 1943 edition).
  • 1956 saw two editions of The Marine Corps Drill Manual published by the Marine Corps League.
  • NAVMC 2691, Marine Corps Drill and Ceremonies, was only published by 1980*.

*Why it was titled just for the Marine Corps and did not include the Navy and Coast Guard leaves me scratching my head. It seems obvious to me to at least mention the other two services that also rely solely on the manual. US Navy Regulations (1990) does state that 2691 is followed for funerals.

  • 2691 scrapped and the contents published in a new category and number, Marine Corps Order (MCO) P5060.20 in 2003.
  • The “P” was dropped in 2019.

It is an Order. It is followed. It is strong. Oddly, one of the statements at the beginning of the manual is that it doesn’t apply to Marine Barracks Washington, quite understandable since they perform purely ceremonial drill, but it also does not apply to either Recruit Depot or Officer Candidate School. So, who does it apply to? Apparently no one until they get to the Fleet which is a bit late. Both Depots have their Depot Orders that have the text of MCO 5060.20 and more information from which the Drill Instructors teach.

Air and Space Forces: The AF is my service, and this paragraph is the most disappointing to me.

  • When the USAF became a service in 1947 drill and ceremonies was still guided by the Army’s FM.
  • In 1953, the AF published Air Force Manual (AFM) 50-14.
  • In 1985 it was reclassified as Air Force Regulation (AFR) 50-14.
  • In 1996 it was redesignated Air Force Manual (AFMAN) 36-2203.
  • In 2022, it was redesignated again and demoted to a mere pamphlet Department of the Air Force Pamphlet (DAFPAM/AFPAM, 34-1203).

A pamphlet is as enforceable as the sticky note in spite of the issues with the AFPAM, it is salvageable with some applied logic although AFJROTC has abandoned it and CAP went off the rails creating its own D&C and even honor guard manuals that are not fit to be followed. My service is fractured.

We Are Utterly Failing!

Looking at the photo below, how is it that AF Academy cadets form a color guard with the colors reversed right behind a supposed “expert” in D&C? The NCO in front of them is a USAF Training Instructor. Is it negligence or apathy? I think it’s a combination that comes from a lack of emphasis by leadership that D&C is vital to the military as it teaches foundational principles. We’ve lost sight of that completely because of “the mission”. It’s systemic.

USAF Academy Backwards Color Guard
USAF Academy Backwards Color Guard

The thought process is forgetting the stupid little stuff (like marching) and concentrating on the bigger stuff. For the USAF, we need to “Fly, Fight, and Win!” How do we do that? By “Flying, Fighting, and Winning!” That’s just over-the-top rhetoric that means nothing. Stop, take a breath, and now look at the accession process:

  • Training – Commission – Training – Work – Training – etc.
  • Training – Training – Work – Training – etc.

We have time and we need to take and even MAKE the time (not “find” the time) to ensure EVERY facet of training is taken care of and that includes the proper training and application of D&C.

This has been on purpose. It was a slow, incremental change over decades to get us to where are today. I saw a big change in 1990 and since then it’s only become worse.

Culture Change

We have service leadership who cyclically consider doing away with drill and ceremonies, cutting the military music programs, and even doing away with service drill teams with insane thinking because the military should only train to fight and win wars.

Despite being directed to understand the foundational purpose of drill, many still fail to see its importance. There is a prevailing sentiment that formation marching is outdated, and that allowing troops to move to the chow hall, for instance, in a disorganized mob is more efficient. This mindset not only undermines discipline but also erodes the very structure that upholds military cohesion and effectiveness*.

The responsibility for this deterioration lies with the senior enlisted for each service and every Non-Commissioned Officer across all ranks, both senior and junior. The failure to enforce D&C standards is a direct reflection of their neglect and lack of commitment to upholding these traditions. Despite the pivotal role that Drill Sergeants, Drill Instructors, and Training Instructors play in instilling discipline, there is a noticeable reluctance to invest in their comprehensive training*.

The Army, and all other services, must urgently address the decline in D&C training. Without decisive action and a renewed commitment to these essential practices, the integrity of military discipline and operational effectiveness are at severe risk. It is imperative that DoD leadership recognizes the critical importance of D&C and takes bold steps to restore and uphold these standards*.

*These paragraphs were written by a reader of my social media posts and edited by me.

The Letter and Spirit of D&C Instructions

The Letter: The letter of drill and ceremonies instructions refers to the specific guidelines, commands, and procedures outlined in official manuals. These instructions provide detailed methods for positions, marching, formations, and commands. For example, TC 3-21.5 provides guidance for Army-wide uniformity in the conduct of drill and ceremonies, covering methods of instructing drill, teaching techniques, individual and unit drill, and the manual of arms for Infantry weapons. Adherence to these standards ensures uniformity, discipline, safety, efficiency, and tradition within the military.

The Spirit: The spirit of drill and ceremonies instructions goes beyond the technical details and focuses on the underlying principles and values instilled. The spirit encompasses the importance of creating military bearing, instilling discipline, fostering esprit de corps, and building a sense of unity, pride, and mutual loyalty among military personnel. Drill and ceremonies is essential in fostering esprit de corps, reinforcing the collective identity and pride of the military unit, and creating a strong bond among its members. D&C also serves to honor traditions and history, mark important occasions, and publicly display discipline and readiness.

The Value of Drill

I’ve taught many JROTC units across the country both in-person and through video. At one high school, there was a cadet who was determined to improve himself. He marched poorly but knew that if he applied himself by joining the drill team and constantly marching regulation and exhibition sequences, he would improve enough to be able to handle the basic requirements of Army ROTC in college and being an Army officer. He did it and he is a successful Army officer today. He doesn’t march every day and he’s not going to volunteer for the Old Guard in DC, but he knew the value of D&C. You should too.

Conclusion

This white paper provides a comprehensive overview of military drill, its types, purposes, benefits and more. Military drill is defined as a series of movements and formations performed by military personnel, either with or without equipment (weapons) and categorizes military drill into three primary types: Ceremonial Drill, Regulation Drill, and Exhibition Drill, each serving specific purposes such as formal events, basic training, and showcasing skills.

The primary objective of military drill is to efficiently move a group of individuals from one location to another while instilling discipline, coordination, and teamwork. The document emphasizes the importance of drill in creating military bearing, instilling discipline, and fostering esprit de corps among military personnel. It also highlights the historical significance of drill in battlefield maneuverability, massed volley fire, and signaling.

The benefits of military drill are both tangible and intangible: improved physical fitness, enhanced coordination, development of leadership skills, attention to detail, cultural appreciation, respect, patriotism, discipline, self-control, and leadership development to name a few.

I concluded this article by stressing the importance of effectively implementing drill and ceremonies in training programs to fully reap the benefits and foster a cohesive and efficient military unit.

The next installment is Understanding the Implementation of Military Drill.

AFJROTC Armed Flight Bad Arm Swing

Understanding the Arguments Against Military Drill

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Continuing my series on drill and ceremonies, this is the forth installment. Links to the previous:

  1. Understanding the Definition and Types of Military Drill
  2. Understanding the Purpose of Military Drill
  3. Understanding the Benefits of Military Drill

Those who disagree with this article series will scoff, dismiss, and immediately jump on the logical fallacy ship and probably won’t even know they are doing it. Here are some arguments against the modern warfighter performing D&C today.

Yesterday, I addressed one logical fallacy, the non sequitur, that is most often used to justify one’s stance against the continuation of D&C in military training. Let’s explore more and see that they can be used on both sides of the argument.

The Logical Fallacies

  1. Appeal to Tradition:
    1. This argument suggests that because drill and ceremonies has always been a part of military training, it should continue to be so, regardless of the relevance in modern warfare.
    2. Not my stance at all. See Benefits, above.
  2. False Dichotomy: This argument presents a false choice between being an effective warfighter and adhering to drill and ceremonies. It implies that one cannot be both, which is not necessarily true.
  3. Straw Man: This argument misrepresents the position of those who support drill and ceremonies by suggesting they believe these practices are the only way to achieve discipline and coordination (equaling lethality).
  4. Ad Hominem:
    1. This argument attacks the character of those who support drill and ceremonies, rather than addressing the merits of the practice itself.
    2. This can also go the other way. It’s wholly unnecessary to malign those who have no concept of the relevance of D&C in the modern era.
  5. Slippery Slope:
    1. This argument suggests that if drill and ceremonies is not performed, it will lead to a complete breakdown of discipline and effectiveness in the military, which is an exaggerated consequence.
    2. Also, not my stance. There will be a breakdown, but I do not believe it will be total. See Benefits, above.

A Specific and Ignorant Argument

I received this woefully ignorant response from an individual on LinkedIn. I tire of the arguments thrown at me by the arrogant. Comments like this end up being antagonistic and now I’ve learned that the comment and thread was deleted by the comment’s author. That’s intellectual cowardice by an Army officer.

“The Spectacle of War: Why Drill & Ceremony is an Antiquated Relic

Drill and ceremony is a time-honored tradition, but in the age of modern warfare, it is as useful as a musket at a drone fight. The Marine Corps-and indeed, much of the U.S. military-clings to D&C like a security blanket, believing it instills discipline, cohesion, and tradition.

War Is Not a Parade! In the 21st century, war is asymmetric, irregular, and largely fought in the shadows. The battles of tomorrow won’t be won on the parade deck but in cyberspace, the information sphere, and through unconventional tactics that defy traditional doctrine.

Yes, discipline matters. But discipline in combat comes from realistic training under pressure, not from marching in formation. Consider elite forces like Delta or the SAS-do they spend hours perfecting their cadence?

The Pageantry of Nostalgia: D&C is, at its core, a vestige of an era when wars were fought in neat formations, muskets were the height of military technology, and officers could observe the battlefield from horseback. But Napoleon is dead, and so is linear warfare. Today’s conflicts are fought by decentralized units, autonomous systems, and hybrid forces. Adapt, or Die!”

The Response

This thinking is just downright idiotic. I’m not saying the individual is an idiot, I do not know him and making such a judgment would be inappropriate. It’s the argument that is nonsensical and here’s why.

The argument presented against drill and ceremony (D&C) relies on a flawed understanding of its purpose and a narrow view of military effectiveness. While modern warfare has certainly evolved, D&C remains a valuable tool for cultivating crucial attributes in service members, even in the 21st century. D&C is the foundation. The foundation of what we do that follows: warfighting.

D&C is Not Just About Parades: The author equates D&C with “marching in formation” and “pageantry of nostalgia,” reducing it to a mere spectacle. This misses the point. D&C is a means to an end, not the end itself. The repetitive drills and precise movements instill:

  • Discipline: D&C requires strict adherence to orders and meticulous attention to detail. This translates directly to the disciplined execution of complex tasks in any environment, including chaotic combat situations. It’s about mental discipline, not just physical coordination.
  • Teamwork and Cohesion: Synchronized movements demand absolute trust and reliance on fellow service members. D&C fosters unit cohesion, building the “esprit de corps” essential for effective teamwork under pressure. Knowing your buddy will execute their part flawlessly is crucial in combat, and D&C reinforces this.
  • Respect for Authority and Tradition: D&C reinforces the chain of command and instills respect for the traditions and history of the armed forces. This is vital for maintaining order and unit integrity, especially in stressful situations. It connects modern service members to the legacy of those who served before them.

Discipline is Foundational: The author claims combat discipline comes only from “realistic training under pressure.” While such training is crucial, it’s built upon the foundation of basic discipline instilled through activities like D&C. You can’t effectively train complex combat maneuvers without first establishing fundamental discipline and responsiveness to orders. D&C is the bedrock upon which more advanced training is built. Elite units, while not focusing on parade drills, still rely on the underlying principles of discipline and teamwork that D&C helps to cultivate.

Adaptation Doesn’t Mean Abandonment: The “adapt or die” mantra is valid, but it doesn’t necessitate throwing out everything old. D&C is not about preparing for Napoleonic warfare; it’s about developing essential character traits that are timeless in their value to military effectiveness. Just as physical fitness remains crucial despite changes in weaponry, so too does the discipline and cohesion fostered by D&C.

D&C was directly used on the battlefield in the 1700s and earlier. We no longer use all of those tactics, but we do use some with a modern twist at the squad level. That does not equate to completely disregarding all of drill and ceremonies. It is still the foundation of everything else we do.

Beyond the Battlefield: The benefits of D&C extend beyond direct combat. It plays a vital role in ceremonies, public events, and the overall representation of the armed forces plus the myriad of benefits I have already addressed in previous installments. It reinforces the image of a professional, disciplined, and capable military, which is essential for maintaining public support and deterring potential adversaries.

In conclusion, while the nature of warfare evolves, the fundamental principles of discipline, teamwork, and respect for tradition remain essential. D&C, when properly understood and implemented, is a valuable tool for cultivating these attributes, even in the age of cyber warfare and unconventional tactics. It’s not an antiquated relic, but a foundational element of military training that continues to contribute to the effectiveness of modern armed forces. Now, go back and read each installment of this series, the DrillMaster white paper on the Importance of Drill and Ceremonies.

Wrap Up

In this installment I gave various logical fallacies related to the argument about the relevance of drill and ceremonies in modern military training and one specific argument. The argument for D&C is not that we need to have every member of every service in formation and marching every single day. That would not be an effective use of time. We do, however, need to make time on a consistent regular basis to ensure we are maintaining standards.

The next installment is Understanding the History and Current Problems with Military Drill.

Split Colors Washington Tomb Left

Understanding the Benefits of Military Drill

DrillMasterColor Guard/Color Team, Drill Teams, Honor Guard Leave a Comment

Continuing my series on drill and ceremonies, this is the third installment. Links to the previous:

  1. Understanding the Definition and Types of Military Drill
  2. Understanding the Purpose of Military Drill

The tangible and intangible benefits of drill and ceremonies (D&C) are numerous. I will use a couple of them to make my point about how we are generally failing to use drill and ceremonies for its intended purpose and thus unable to completely reap the benefits.

D&C ensures that military can perform their duties effectively and cohesively, contributing to the overall success of military operations. It is designed to instill discipline, coordination, and teamwork among military personnel. Crucial to effective military operations are adherence to standards, response to commands, and individual coordination, which we gain from D&C.

“Everyone marches in formation, and they do not break ranks. They do not push one another; Everyone marches in his own column.”

Joel 2:7-8

Historical Benefits

Some historical benefits of drill and ceremonies are less relevant in the modern era due to advancements in warfare and technology. When we look at the historic aspect to drill and ceremonies, we come up with a better chance at staying alive.

  • Battlefield Maneuverability: In the past, precise marching formations were crucial for battlefield success. They allowed large groups of infantry to move in a coordinated manner, maintain cohesion, and execute tactical maneuvers in close-quarters combat.
  • Massed Volley Fire: Drill was essential for coordinating massed volleys of musket fire. Soldiers had to load, aim, and fire their weapons in unison to maximize firepower.
  • Bayonet Charges: Close-order drill was vital for executing bayonet charges, requiring soldiers to maintain the formation and momentum while advancing on the enemy.
  • Signaling and Communication: In the past, drill movements and flag signals were used to communicate commands on the battlefield, especially before reliable electronic communication. In the early 1800s and for centuries before, the color guard was essential to signaling troops and identifying where the unit was supposed to be on the battlefield.

While these historical benefits may not directly translate to modern military applications, they highlight the evolution of warfare and the adaptability of drill and ceremonies. Even though the primary purpose has shifted, the core values of discipline, teamwork, and precision remain relevant and continue to provide valuable intangible benefits.

Timeless Benefits

Intangible (not necessarily measurable) benefits:

  • Attention to Detail:
    • Precision is paramount in drill and ceremonies. No matter what you want to do, this heightened awareness of detail translates to other aspects of life, such as academics, work, and personal endeavors.
  • Time Management and Organization:
    • Learning and practicing drill requires discipline, time management, and the ability to meet deadlines for training, rehearsals, and performances.
  • Perseverance and Resilience:
    • Mastering challenging drill routines requires dedication, perseverance, and the ability to overcome obstacles.
    • These skills are invaluable in facing challenges in all areas of life.
  • Cultural Appreciation:
    • Drill and ceremonies often have historical and cultural significance.
    • Learning about these traditions can foster a deeper understanding and appreciation of different cultures and their values.
  • Respect and Patriotism:
    • For many, drill and ceremonies are associated with military traditions and honoring those who serve their country.
    • This can instill a deeper sense of respect for national symbols, history, and the sacrifices made by others.
  • Discipline and Self-Control:
    • Drill emphasizes precise movements and commands, fostering discipline and the ability to follow instructions with focus and attention to detail.
    • It teaches individuals to control their bodies and minds, essential for personal growth and success in various areas of life.
  • Teamwork and Camaraderie:
    • Drill requires synchronized movements and collective effort.
    • Participants learn to work together as a unit, understanding the importance of individual actions contributing to the overall success of the group.
    • This fosters a strong sense of camaraderie and shared purpose.
  • Pride and Confidence:
    • Mastering challenging drill routines boosts self-esteem and confidence.
    • The sense of accomplishment achieved through dedication and hard work translates to other areas of life, encouraging individuals to strive for excellence.
  • Leadership Development:
    • Individuals may learn leadership skills through drill and ceremonies, such as:
      • Giving clear and concise commands
      • Motivating others
      • Problem-solving within the team
      • Taking responsibility for their own actions and those of their team members.

Some tangible (concrete, measurable) outcomes:

  • Improved Physical Fitness:
    • Drill involves physical activity, which can lead to measurable improvements in cardiovascular health, muscular strength, coordination, endurance, and flexibility.
    • It can be a fun and engaging way to stay active.
    • These improvements can be tracked through fitness assessments and measurements.
  • Enhanced Coordination and Motor Skills:
    • The precise movements and complex routines in drill can improve coordination, balance, and fine motor skills.
    • These improvements can be objectively measured through motor skills tests.
  • Development of Leadership Skills:
    • Drill provides opportunities for individuals to develop and demonstrate leadership skills, such as giving clear commands, motivating others, and making decisions under pressure.
    • These skills can be assessed through observation and performance evaluations.
  • Improved Academic Performance:
    • Studies have shown that participation in drill and ceremonies can positively impact academic performance, particularly in areas like focus, attention to detail, and time management.
    • These improvements can be tracked through grades, test scores, and academic progress reports.
  • Career Advancement:
    • For those in the military or related fields, proficiency in drill and ceremonies can be a valuable asset for career advancement.
    • It can lead to leadership positions, special assignments, and recognition within an organization.

These benefits can vary depending on the individual, the intensity of the training, and the specific context of the drill and ceremonies program. However, these examples demonstrate that drill and ceremonies can offer solid, measurable outcomes in addition to the intangible benefits.

“Show me the manner in which a nation cares for its dead and I will measure with mathematical exactness the tender mercies of its people, their respect for the laws of the land, and their loyalty to high ideals.”

Sir William Ewart Gladstone

The next installment is Understanding the Arguments Against Military Drill.

TOG Colors

Understanding the Purpose of Military Drill

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The primary objective of military drill is to efficiently move a group of individuals from one location to another. But there is much more.

Continuing my series on drill and ceremonies, this is the second installment. The link to the previous:

  1. Understanding the Definition and Types of Military Drill

TC 3-21.5 provides guidance for Army-wide uniformity in the conduct of drill and ceremonies. (Ceremonies are formations—the arrangement of elements of a unit in a prescribed manner—and movements in which a number of troops execute movements in unison and with precision just as in drill; however, their primary value is to render honors, preserve traditions, and stimulate esprit de corps.) It includes methods of instructing drill (movements by which a unit or individuals are moved in a uniform manner from one formation to another, or from one place to another, with movements executed in unison and with precision), teaching techniques, individual and unit drill, manual of arms for Infantry weapons, and various other aspects of basic drill instruction.

TC 3-21.5, Drill and Ceremonies

In Basic Training or Boot Camp, drill serves to create military bearing, instill discipline, and a sense of achievement. It teaches:

  • Adherence to standards is essential for maintaining uniformity, discipline, safety, efficiency, and tradition within the military. It ensures that military personnel perform their duties with precision and professionalism, contributing to the overall effectiveness and cohesion of the military unit.
  • Response to commands is a fundamental aspect of drill and ceremonies that enhances discipline, coordination, readiness, confidence, and safety among military personnel.
  • Individual coordination is a fundamental aspect of drill and ceremonies that enhances precision, synchronization, discipline, physical fitness, and confidence among military personnel.
  • Teamwork in drill and ceremonies enhances cohesion, communication, mutual support, leadership, and problem-solving abilities among military personnel. It ensures that individuals can work together effectively and cohesively.
  • Esprit de corps translates to the spirit of the formation/body. It refers to the sense of unity, pride, and mutual loyalty shared among members of a group. The precise and synchronized movements required in drills instill a sense of discipline and cohesion, which are crucial for effective military operations.
    • Present Day: This is the combination of teamwork and a corporate sense of achievement. Drill and ceremonies are essential in fostering esprit de corps among members of the military. These ceremonies reinforce the collective identity and pride of the military unit, creating a strong bond among its members.
    • Historical perspective: Ceremonial drills, such as parades and honor guards, and even just marching in general, serve to uphold traditions and honor the sacrifices of those who have served. Hundreds of thousands have been in your place over the last 250+ years. It’s a sense of responsibility to the history of your service.
  • Alertness and Urgency in drill and ceremonies are vital for maintaining readiness, ensuring quick response to commands, enhancing situational awareness, building confidence and discipline, and ensuring safety and efficiency.
  • Confidence and Professionalism are essential qualities developed through military D&C. These aspects play a significant role in shaping the behavior and performance of military personnel. D&C enhances leadership skills, promoting a positive image, and encouraging continuous improvement among military personnel.
  • Leadership and Followership in drill and ceremonies are crucial for developing effective leaders, enhancing followership skills, balancing leadership and followership, building mutual respect, and promoting accountability among military personnel.
  • Attention to detail is seen in the precision and accuracy of a performance (pass-in-review, funeral, guard change at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, etc.) requires members of the military to perform movements with exactness. Attention to detail ensures that each movement is executed correctly, contributing to the overall uniformity and discipline of the unit. This precision is vital for maintaining the visual impact of ceremonial events and translates into the effectiveness of military operations.

Additionally, drill allows a group to render respect, show honor, and uphold tradition, while also serving as a form of exercise. These aspects are essential for maintaining the dignity and heritage of military service.

The object of close order drill is to teach Marines by exercise to obey orders and to do so immediately in the correct way. Close order drill is one foundation of discipline and esprit de corps. Additionally, it is still one of the finest methods for developing confidence and troop leading abilities in our subordinate leaders.

MCO 5060.20, Marine Corps Drill and Ceremonies

Why does drill and ceremonies remain relevant even in modern times? Obviously, there is a bit of overlap below with what I have already written, but it’s all very necessary.

“……”*

AFPAM 34-1203

*Not surprisingly, the USAF has nothing to say in the modern era on the importance of D&C. However! It did say there was value in D&C in 1960. Value doesn’t just disappear.

Why are drills and ceremonies needed? Every man and woman who enters military service learns teamwork by participating in drill. On the drill field the individual learns to appreciate the need for discipline–the need to respond to vested authority, to follow orders promptly and precisely, and to recognize the effect of his actions on the group as a whole. Learning to follow is the beginning of leadership.

AFM 50-14, Drill and Ceremonies (1960)

Ceremonies:

  • Honoring Traditions and History: Ceremonies connect us to the past, honoring historical events, individuals, and traditions. They reinforce a sense of continuity and shared heritage.
  • Marking Important Occasions: Ceremonies commemorate significant events, such as changes of command, awards ceremonies, and memorials.
  • Building Esprit de Corps: Participating in ceremonies fosters a sense of unity, pride, and belonging within a group or organization. It strengthens bonds and reinforces shared values.
  • Public Display of Discipline and Readiness: Ceremonies can serve as a public demonstration of the discipline, precision, and readiness of a military unit or organization. That’s why the service drill teams, parachute, air demonstration teams all exist.

Parades:

  • Showcasing Skill and Precision: Allow individuals and units to demonstrate their mastery of drill and ceremonies. They showcase the results of dedicated training and teamwork.
  • Boosting Morale and Public Support: Can boost morale within an organization and generate public support by providing a visual display of its strength, discipline, and professionalism.
  • Celebrating Achievements: Can celebrate victories, anniversaries, and other significant achievements.
  • See also, Why Did We Start Having Parades?

Military Tattoos:

  • Historical Significance: The term “tattoo” originates from a Dutch phrase “doe den tap toe” (“turn off the taps”), a signal for tavern keepers to stop serving beer and for soldiers to return to their barracks. Military tattoos evolved from these evening signals, often involving music and performances.
  • Entertainment and Camaraderie: Modern military tattoos provide entertainment for troops and the public, showcasing military bands, drill teams, and other performers. They foster camaraderie and a sense of community.
  • Display of Skill and Precision: Like parades, tattoos offer an opportunity to demonstrate exceptional skill and precision in drill and musical performances.

Competitions:

  • Motivating Excellence: Competitions encourage individuals and units to strive for excellence. They provide a platform for showcasing talent and dedication.
  • Promoting Standardization: Competitions help to promote standardization, adherence to regulations, and develop best practices for training and practice.
  • Building Teamwork and Sportsmanship: Preparing for and participating in competitions fosters teamwork, cooperation, and sportsmanship.

In essence, these elements serve to reinforce the values, traditions, and skills associated with drill and ceremonies, while also providing opportunities for public display, celebration, and camaraderie.

I once had an Army infantry Staff Sgt tell me that D&C is essentially useless and a waste of time. I’m positive he doesn’t have a clue as to the utter irony of his statement as an infantry Soldier.

How did General Washington improve his Soldiers? He brought in Baron von Steuben from Prussia (where my ancestors come from). The Baron didn’t just teach battle tactics (i.e., concentrate only on fighting) and hope for the best? No, he taught key NCOs to march and the manual of arms and they, in turn, taught their companies the same. They worked hard to become proficient in marching and manipulating the rifle.

Discipline is the soul of an army. It makes small numbers formidable; procures success to the weak, and esteem to all.”

General George Washington

Competitive Drill

Competitive drill and ceremonies, primarily seen in high school JROTC and college SROTC, as well as some independent soloists and drill teams, offer additional benefits. Exhibition drill, in particular, promotes creativity in designing marching patterns, body movements, and rifle manipulations.

One of the most significant advantages of competitive regulation and exhibition drill for squads, platoons, and color guards is the development of a wide range of leadership skills:

  • Teaching the team the performance processes.
  • Delegating responsibilities while maintaining ultimate responsibility for the performance outcome.
  • Memorizing routines, commands, marching, and equipment movements.
  • Thinking quickly to ensure the team stays within time limits and physical boundaries.
  • Recovering from possible mistakes.

Military drill is a cornerstone of military training, discipline, and tradition. It encompasses a variety of movements and formations performed by members of the military, cadets, and many others, either with or without equipment. These drills serve specific purposes and contribute to the overall discipline and efficiency of military personnel.

  • Enhancing Individual and Team Capabilities: Military drill is designed to improve the coordination, precision, and responsiveness of individuals. By practicing these drills, individuals learn to move in unison, respond to commands quickly, and execute complex maneuvers with accuracy. This not only enhances their individual skills but also fosters a sense of teamwork and unity within the group. The synchronized movements required in drills instill a sense of discipline and cohesion, which are crucial for effective military operations.
  • Fostering Leadership and Creativity: Drill and ceremonies also play a significant role in developing leadership skills. Soldiers are often given the opportunity to lead their peers in drill practices, which helps them build confidence and learn how to manage and motivate a team. In competitive settings, such as exhibition drills, soldiers are encouraged to showcase their creativity by designing intricate marching patterns and rifle manipulations. This not only highlights their skill and ingenuity but also promotes a sense of pride and accomplishment.
  • Historical and Traditional Significance: Ceremonial drills, such as parades and honor guards, serve to uphold traditions and honor the sacrifices of those who have served. These ceremonies reinforce the collective identity and pride of the military unit, creating a strong bond among its members. The historical sense of esprit de corps, or the spirit of the formation/body, is deeply rooted in these practices, fostering a sense of unity, pride, and mutual loyalty among soldiers.

Tomorrow’s installment is Understanding the Benefits of Military Drill.

Drill Team

Understanding the Definition and Types of Military Drill

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A DrillMaster Study. A Long DrillMaster Study. Technically, a white paper. Since it’s so long (19 pages) it will publish in segments this week, January 20-24 and 27, 2025, six parts. Nothing I found has come close to explaining military drill and ceremonies like this.

Originally written April 7, 2020, major update January 2025.

Military drill encompasses a variety of movements and formations performed by members of the military, cadets, and others, either with or without equipment (rifles, flags, guidon). There are distinct forms of drill, each serving specific purposes and contributing to the overall discipline and efficiency of military personnel.

Drill is the “trained, patterned behavior of soldiers.”

Harald Kleinschmidt, “Using the Gun: Manual Drill and the Proliferation of Portable Firearms,” 603.

The Definition of Drill

First, for our purposes, what do we mean by “drill”?

  • Unarmed Drill: Any movement performed without a piece of equipment: rifle, sword/saber, or flagstaff (guidon and colors staff).
  • Close Order Drill: Also called Foot Drill, whether stationary or while marching in a formation: squad (element), platoon (flight), company (squadron), color guard, etc.
    • Armed Drill: The word also includes manipulation of a rifle, sword/saber, etc.
    • Unarmed Drill: Any movement performed without a piece of equipment: rifle, sword/saber, or flagstaff (guidon and colors staff).

If we are to defend ourselves against the British, we need more than a gathering of angry farmers. We need discipline and drill and regulations. We need regular channels of supply, food and powder, recruitment, organization. A commander must understand all of those things.”

John Adams, June 9th, 1775

Types of Military Drill

The three primary types of military drill are:

  • Ceremonial Drill: This type focuses on formal events and ceremonies. It includes parades, honor guards, and other occasions where precision and presentation are paramount.
  • Regulation Drill: Also known as basic drill, this type involves standard movements and commands used to train soldiers. It is the foundation of military discipline and coordination.
  • Exhibition Drill: Involves intricate marching patterns, body movement, and rifle manipulation designed to impress, entertain, and highlight skill.
    • Scholastic: This type highlights creativity and skill, often seen in competitive settings at the high school and college level.
    • Ceremonial: This is exhibition drill with many restrictions that are based on where the team comes from- a service honor guard.
    • Independent: This is individuals and teams that are civilian based, mostly high school and college age, who spin rifles (very few march unarmed) and compete at competitions made for independent drillers.

For a detailed breakdown, refer to the article, What is a Military Drill Team? Additionally, for a historical context, you can read A Brief History of American Drill and Ceremonies.

The next installment is Understanding the Purpose of Military Drill.

Half-staff Over Capitol Building

Half-Staff and the Special Occasion

DrillMasterProtocol and Flag Leave a Comment

There are certain circumstances where the flag, while being displayed officially for a period of mourning, is raised to full truck for a special occasion, and then lowered back to half-staff for the rest of the time of mourning. Let’s look at the history behind that.

There is precedent for raising the flag to full truck (the flat piece under the finial, also called “full staff”) during a presidential inauguration, even if it falls within the 30-day mourning period for a former president. The rationale behind this is to emphasize the continuity and celebration of democratic governance. The inauguration of a new President is considered a momentous occasion that symbolizes the peaceful transfer of power, an event of national importance that temporarily supersedes standard mourning observances.

The 1973 Inauguration – no Precedent Here

Following the death of President Harry S. Truman on December 26, 1972, and President Lyndon B. Johnson passed away on January 22, 1973, just two days before President Richard Nixon’s second inauguration. Flags were NOT raised to full staff during the inaugural events. After the inauguration ceremonies, flags returned to half-staff for the remainder of the designated mourning period. The photos below are from Virginia Military Institute (left) and nixonfoundation.org.

Independence Day 2004

President Ronald Reagan died on June 5, 2004, and on July 4, flags were raised to full truck and then lowered to half-staff for one more day.

The 2025 Inauguration

If you are reading this before January 20th, on January 14th, Speaker of the House, Mike Johnson, announced that the flag atop the US Capitol will be at full truck for the second inauguration of President Donald Trump. But, it’s a federal building under the jurisdiction of the President.

Update. As of the evening of January 20, 2025, President Trump signed a Presidential Proclamation to have the national flag raised on all federal buildings and ships in the entirety of the USA. This proclamation is the only legal way to have flags raised to full truck in accordance with the Constitution and USC Title 4.

Respect for Both Situations

This practice balances the respect owed to a deceased former president with the celebration of a significant national event. The flexibility within the U.S. Flag Code allows the President or other designated officials to modify flag protocol for special circumstances like this.

The question still stands as to who authorized the flag to be raised for that day and under what authority. Only the President has the authority, not the Speaker of the House or and President Pro Tempore.

The Flag Code Text

The following is an extract from Title 4 U.S. Code § 7 – Position and manner of display (m).

  • The flag, when flown at half-staff, should be first hoisted to the peak for an instant and then lowered to the half-staff position. The flag should be again raised to the peak before it is lowered for the day.
  • By order of the President, the flag shall be flown at half-staff upon the death of principal figures of the United States Government and the Governor of a State, territory, or possession, as a mark of respect to their memory.
  • The flag shall be flown at half-staff 30 days from the death of the President or a former President; 10 days from the day of death of the Vice President, the Chief Justice or a retired Chief Justice of the United States, or the Speaker of the House of Representatives; from the day of death until interment of an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, a Secretary of an executive or military department, a former Vice President, or the Governor of a State, territory, or possession; and on the day of death and the following day for a Member of Congress. The flag shall be flown at half-staff on Peace Officers Memorial Day, unless that day is also Armed Forces Day.

This Needs to be Emphasized

The President has jurisdiction for flag display throughout the nation on all federal buildings with a proclamation. State buildings follow that proclamation (please read this). Private owners of flagpoles and masts can follow the proclamation but are not required.

Governors have the same jurisdiction in their state for the state flag and for the American flag on state buildings. Governors should not countermand a presidential proclamation. Private owners of flagpoles and masts in the state can follow the proclamation but are not required.

The Speaker of the House and President Pro Tempore of the Senate might possibly be able to direct the display of the flag for the Capitol building only but should not countermand a presidential proclamation.

The Governor’s Part

Is nothing for a national event. What I get from the extract below, the Governor is not to contradict the half-staff proclamation of a President to raise the flags in his/her state. A Governor only has control over the national flag in his/her state for state matters on state buildings, not national matters on federal buildings.

The Flag Code Text Specific to Governors

The following is an extract specific to Governors from Title 4 U.S. Code § 7 – Position and manner of display (m) (bold text emphasis mine).

  • In the event of the death of a present or former official of the government of any State, territory, or possession of the United States, the death of a member of the Armed Forces from any State, territory, or possession who dies while serving on active duty, or the death of a first responder working in any State, territory, or possession who dies while serving in the line of duty, the Governor of that State, territory, or possession may proclaim that the National flag shall be flown at half-staff, and the same authority is provided to the Mayor of the District of Columbia with respect to present or former officials of the District of Columbia, members of the Armed Forces from the District of Columbia, and first responders working in the District of Columbia.
  • When the Governor of a State, territory, or possession, or the Mayor of the District of Columbia, issues a proclamation under the preceding sentence that the National flag be flown at half-staff in that State, territory, or possession or in the District of Columbia because of the death of a member of the Armed Forces, the National flag flown at any Federal installation or facility in the area covered by that proclamation shall be flown at half-staff consistent with that proclamation.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to vexillologist DeVaughn Simper, his colleagues, and Mike Kelley for their helpful explanations of previous protocol.