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In October of 2024, the Air Force furthered the coverage of instructions and other regulations to include AFI 34-1201. It is now DAFI, Department of the Air Force Instruction, 90-1201 aligning it under the AF Policy Directive 90 series. Did artificial “intelligence” write this? Because this is really bad.

By including the “D” (Department of the) in front of AFI (Air Force Instruction), the application of the instruction is for both the USAF and USSF. There are now letter “D’s” at the front of many abbreviations for instructions, manuals, pamphlets, etc. Download DAFI 90-1201 from the Resources page.

I appreciate the update! I do, but the wording is poor in areas and there is a severe lack of standardization and almost completely abandoning DoD flag standards. Here is a brief summary from DeVaughn Simper, Professor Flag, on social media.

From Professor Flag

The DAFI 90-1201 (8 October 2024) provides comprehensive guidance on protocol and customs for the Air Force and Space Force, replacing the previous AFI 34-1201 (18 August 2020). The instruction expands on flag protocols, ceremonies, distinguished visitor handling, gifts, and mementos, aligning with the Department of the Air Force Policy Directive (DAFPD) 90-12.

Key Updates:

1. Expanded Guidance on Flag Protocol:
   • Includes specific regulations for U.S., POW/MIA, state, and international flags, both indoors and outdoors.
   • Detailed procedures for half-staff displays and event-specific flag use.
2. US Space Force (USSF) Integration:
   • Incorporates Space Force-specific customs, courtesies, and organizational flags.
   • Distinct guidance on displaying and handling Space Force flags, streamers, and guidons.
3. Ceremonies and Social Functions:
   • Revised procedures for official ceremonies and events like senior leader changes of command, which now include Space Force protocols.
   • Updated guidance for organizing official social functions, including receiving lines, seating arrangements, and attire.
4. Gifts and Mementos:
   • Updated rules on gift giving and receiving, including authorized purchases for coins and other memorabilia.
5. Event Planning and Management:
   • New instructions for managing protocols at events, including attendee lists, seating charts, invitation management, and after-action reports.

Differences from AFI 34-1201:

• Inclusion of USSF: DAFI 90-1201 integrates USSF-specific guidance and distinguishes protocol practices for Air Force and Space Force members.
• Expanded Roles and Responsibilities: The protocol office’s roles now include a broader scope covering both services, and additional guidance is provided for program implementation, event management, and financial management related to official functions.
• Additional Flag Guidance: DAFI 90-1201 provides more detailed flag regulations, especially regarding the POW/MIA flag and international flag displays, as compared to the previous AFI which had fewer specifics.
• Modernized Social and Ceremonial Event Protocols: Enhanced clarity on the use of appropriated and non-appropriated funds and additional guidelines for planning events, such as uniform equivalency and customs related to Space Force attire and ceremonies.

Summary for JROTC Units:

The DAFI 90-1201 offers updated and comprehensive guidelines for handling flag protocols, ceremonies, and events involving both the Air Force and Space Force. For JROTC units, understanding these protocols is essential for ensuring proper conduct during official functions and ceremonies. This updated instruction emphasizes the importance of integrating Space Force customs and courtesies and provides extensive details on managing distinguished visitors, event coordination, and ceremonial flag displays. The DAFI builds on the foundations laid by AFI 34-1201, with expanded guidance that includes considerations specific to the Space Force and it modernizes procedures for current operational needs.

Rescind NOW!

Not double and triple checking information with Army standards (where we began) and ensuring text is as clear as possible is why there are Airmen around the USAF are using all kinds of unauthorized equipment. We need to go deeper.

By publishing this new AFI, the USAF has now completely confused thousands of Airmen, Guardians, and cadets. Did anyone run this by the Institute of Heraldry? I seriously doubt it. The TIOH, is the repository of US military history and standards. It never should have been published without a fresh set of eyes going over it. Tell you what, I will do that. You’re welcome. Rescind this manual, go back, and completely rework it.

There are many, many positives in the new version and to go over those would take longer than you and I want to spend on this article. I am only going over the negatives with a couple of positives in places. Here we go.

Flags

1. 2.3. Outdoor Flag Display, Sizes, and Occasions. 2.3.1. U.S. flags designed primarily for outdoor display will be made of nylon-wool or heavyweight nylon without fringe. [Please add the rest of a flag’s nomenclature! Describe the header band with brass grommets at the header end. You inform the reader of the meaning of hoist and fly in Attachment 1, but you never use the terms in the AFI. The text falls short. You should also describe how to mend an outside flag.]
2. 2.3.5.4. Commanders obtain instructions on the [add- use, display, and folding*] of flags in foreign countries from the office of the U.S. Defense Attaché located in the U.S. Embassy.

*Foreign national flags are usually folded into a rectangle or rolled.

Guidon Staff and Flagstaff Length

Guidons have been mounted to and carried on 8-foot staffs since the 1800s. We have never used the 7-foot staff for a guidon. By the way, any pole under 10’ is called a “staff” not a “pole”.

1. AFI 34-1201 (2020)
   • 2.34.1.3. Guidon. Flagstaffs for guidons are 8 feet in length plus the staff ornament.
2. AFI 90-1201 (2024)
   • 2.9.1.5. Guidon Flag. These flags are 1 foot 8 inches with a pole sleeve, by 2 foot 3 3/4 inches to the end of the swallowtail and forked six inches. Guidons are displayed on a 7-foot flagstaff.
   • 2.10.2. Flagstaffs for guidons are eight feet in length.

You have given two lengths of staff for the guidon within a handful of paragraphs. The linear distance is less than an 11” page! The standard is an 8’gudion staff, period.

1. 2.9.1.1. Ceremonial Flag. This flag is 4 feet 4 inches by 5 feet 6 inches with a pole sleeve. The flag is trimmed on three edges with fringe 2 inches wide (Space Force flag trim is 2½ inches wide). The flag is displayed on a 9-foot flagstaff.
2. 2.9.1.2. Organizational Flag. This flag is 3 feet by 5 feet with a pole sleeve. It is trimmed on three edges with rayon fringe 2 inches wide (Space Force flag trim is 2 ½ inches wide). The flag is displayed on a 7 -foot flagstaff, (8 or 9-foot flagstaff when displayed with larger flags).
3. 2.10.6. Ferrule*. The metal pointed bottom affixed to the flagpole, also known as a pike, is normally silver in color to match the finial, which is an additional length to the pole. The ferrule is not mandatory and changes the way a flag fits into a base or the overall height of the pole.

*There is an upper and lower ferrule to the guidon staff and flagstaff. The AFI wording, while poor and inadequate, now allows for the lower ferrule to be removed. Even with the lower ferrule removed, it is still not going to work. The bottom of the staff is tapered, the staff will still list to one side. Read this article to understand what a floor stand adapter is (a tube inserted into a stand) and how to use it. The adapter is the answer, not removing the lower ferrule.

Keep the three bullet points above in mind for the following. The Protocol AFI not fully defining terms is why we have base honor guard, ROTC, and JROTC units with different length staffs and flags mounted to staffs without fringe.

1. “Guidon staff” and “flagstaff” are general terms meaning the whole staff, the wood plus the metal ferrules and finial. I have worked with color guards since high school (1979) and no one has ever said “flagstaff” and then said something like “but only the wood, not the ferrules and finial.” The measurement is just the wood, but the wording in the AFI is terrible.
2. Since the USAF can use either the one- or two-piece staff, the middle screw joint of the two-piece staff replaces the wood of the one-piece staff and is counted in length.
3. The historical source document from the early 1900s where the USAF gets its information, AR 260-10 and then AR 840-10, states staff length is 8’ and 9’6” for the US military and Presidential staffs are 10’ long. The USAF added the 7’ staff for internally (AF/SF) posted colors only, not for carrying around for any ceremony and never for joint service.
4. Ash flagstaffs come in 7’, 8’, and 9’6” lengths. These flagstaffs began life as only for the military and therefore only those lengths are offered. You constantly use the term “9-foot flagstaff” because you are only measuring the wood? If so, then when you reference the 8-foot staff, you need to make the term 7’6” and for the 7′ staff, use 6’6″. However, that is just a complete mix-up of wording that confuses. Flagstaffs come in 7’, 8’, and 9’6” lengths. Stop using bad wording.
5. 2.9.1.2. now allows smaller flags to be mounted on a longer staff and displayed with larger flags. That leads to a mismatch in flag sizes in the same display. There was zero thought put forward here.

I have to break up the next partially incoherent quote of paragraph 2.10.1.

1. Flagstaffs are meant to carry a flag at full staff.

What? I mean that with all sincerity. What does that mean? Are you saying that the flag is attached to a flagstaff at the top and is never placed lower on the staff. Most people use the terms flagstaff and flagpole interchangeably when a flagstaff is only for indoor display or for carrying in a color guard and a flagpole is a permanent structure outside in the ground.

• Wooden flagstaffs can be one piece or a breakdown style

“Breakdown style”? You mean “two-piece”.

• and should be light ash in color.

Yes! I have to highlight this for everyone out there who has been such a thorn in my side, including an “HQ”. There you go, light ash wood guidon flagstaffs are the ONLY STAFF AUTHORIZED.

• Flagstaffs in darker wood colors should be replaced through attrition with the light ash color and all flagstaffs in a display should be the same color.

Those using the junk brown staffs are going to push this to the limits just like those still using the ball finial. This also means metal staffs are not authorized.

• Ensure all flags in a display are the same size and height.

You just said in 2.9.1.2. that an organizational flag can be displayed with a ceremonial flag! Per correct protocol, flag are ALWAYS the same size (US, state, territory, county, city, and military flags) or as close as possible (foreign, or US flags that are a different type, e.g. Ohio).

• For clarification, the size of the flagstaffs does not include the staff ornament, head, or finial.

This clarification does not matter at all because your measurements are off. “staff ornament, head, or finial” those three are the same thing. You may want to rewrite that for clarity to read “staff ornament (head or finial)” or “staff ornament/head/finial”.

1. 2.10.4. Eagle Ornament. It is by precedence the eagle finial be used only with the Presidential flag. However, if the U.S. flag is displayed with the Presidential flag, then both may have the eagle finial.

“It is by precedence”. That would be spelled “historic protocol” that the Presidential flags have the spread-eagle finial. It is not just the flag of the President; it is also the VP’s flag and the service departmental colors that are in the Oval Office. All of those 10-foot staffs are topped with the spread eagle.

“Both may have”? No, both will have the eagle finial. The USAF can do some internal things like adding the 7’ staff for a static display, what it cannot do is change higher protocol. All Presidential colors are topped with the spread eagle.

Breakdown of 2.10.6.

• Ferrule. The metal pointed bottom affixed to the flagpole

There are two ferrules on a flagstaff. There are zero ferrules on a flagpole. Stop using the terms interchangeably. A ferrule is attached to wood to prevent splitting.

• also known as a pike

Erroneously, yes. The USAF never used a pike (a 10’ or longer spear with a sharp point). Since the beginning of the Army Air Corps, the lance (historically, 8’) was used, the pike (historically, 9’6″) was for mechanized units.

• is normally silver in color to match the finial

Nope, not “normally”. Remove that word because paragraph 2.10.3. Authorized Finial, it states that the “decorative device at the top of a flagstaff is the finial. The authorized finial for DAF use is the silver spade.” (Emphasis mine)

• which is an additional length to the pole. The ferrule is not mandatory and changes the way a flag fits into a base or the overall height of the pole.

Flags do not fit into stands (a “base”), but flagstaffs do. It does not matter that the ferrule(s) change the length of the staff because staffs are sold as a whole including the hardware. You need to remove all of this confusing language referring to staff length with and without the hardware. You are not clear at all.

You fixed the order of precedence! In 2020 you had the Space Force last in paragraph 2.11. and fixed it and moved it to A12.10.

Flag Size

1. 2.9.1.2. Organizational Flag. This flag is 3 feet by 5 feet with a pole sleeve. 2.9.1.3. Positional Flag. This flag is 3 feet by 5 feet with a pole sleeve. 2.9.1.4. Individual Flag. This flag is 3 feet by 5 feet with a pole sleeve.
2. 2.9.2. A substitute size for the personal, ceremonial, and organizational size flags of 3 foot by 4 foot with a pole sleeve

Only this reg uses the term “individual” when everyone else on the face of the earth since time began has used “personal color” (PC for a general officer). You have to use “Individual (Personal Colors)” in several places and also write about “saluting individuals”, “death of individuals”, and “individual ceremonies”. See how this terminology for the PC possibly leads to confusion? It is a “PC” not an “IC”.

Ever since the USAF began as the Army Air Corps, colors only came in 4’4”x5’6”, ceremonial size, and 3’x4’, organizational size. Long ago, military flags used to come in 3’x5’ but in the 1800s when the colors were to be un/cased and the staff was held horizontal, most Soldiers were short enough that the flag material hit the ground. The Army’s solution? Cut off 6” from the header and fly ends. That set up the longstanding tradition of military colors being 3’x4’. Civilian size is 3’x5′.

3’x5’ has been a civilian size for around 200 years. That size is the “substitute size” if there needs to be, but there is no such thing as a “substitute size” because a substitute is never needed. By making the 3’x’5’ the standard size, you have made every USAF/SF organizational color and both types of PC larger than the other service colors or similar type. Can you even fathom what you have done here?

1. (2020) 2.27. Guidons. Guidons (Figure 2.30) are ultramarine blue nylon or wool bunting, swallow-tailed, 1 foot 8 inches by 2 feet 3¾ inches to the end of swallowtail, and forked 10 inches.
2. (2024) 2.9.1.5. Guidon Flag. These flags are 1 foot 8 inches with a pole sleeve, by 2 foot 3 ¾ inches to the end of the swallowtail and forked six inches.

By adding the wording “with pole sleeve” (it should be “staff sleeve” by the way), you have possibly shortened every guidon by three inches since the previous edition of the AFI. I know you did not mean this. Well, I hope you didn’t. Better wording here like “These flags are 1 foot 8 inches with a staff sleeve (the measurement has always included the staff sleeve)”.

Forked six or ten inches? It is 10″. Someone do at least a tiny bit of research instead of possibly just seeking an EPR bullet for getting an AFI out.

Pay attention to detail!

It’s an issue that has never been formally addressed before and the time has come to take care of the issue and give the US military guidance for all services. That means DoD Instruction 5410.19 Volume 4 needs to be updated. In this article I provide some suggestions for that.

Before We Begin

Each individual service has their guidance for carrying a foreign national flag but it’s never addressed for joint teams. Those service regulations are AR 840-10, MCO 10520.3, and AFI 34-1201. The standard is simply stated: each service color guard can carry a foreign national color for a ceremony that meets all the requirements (the DoD Instruction mentioned above) in the color guard formation.

For the Marine Corps, Navy, and Coast Guard, the usual is to make a separate three-man color guard (2 guards, foreign color bearer), but it’s not mandatory. If you do not have the personnel, you can insert the foreign national bearer in the color guard proper*.

*The color guard proper is the rank with the US flag.

Click here to read about Sea Service Flag Protocol

From this information, we can see that inclusion of a foreign national flag in a color guard formation, the color guard proper or a second (even multiple) three-man team, is authorized.

The Scenarios

Scenario 1. An event checks off all the boxes to have a foreign national flag carried by a US service member (that instruction mentioned above has the requirements). But… there is a request to have a foreign service member carry their foreign flag as a part of the color guard.

The Joint Armed Forces Color Guard (US military members only) only carries the US and service departmental colors. There’s nothing that states a foreign national, state, or territory color is authorized, only the Dept colors. However, from the information provided above, we can hypothesize that a foreign national color could be included in the formation. What would be the standard for that foreign national flag?

1. The foreign military member provides the harness, flag, staff, and finial and positions himself to the left of the US bearer.
2. The US military unit provides the equipment.

Fringe on the flag would be up to either the situation above. If the formation has the Army present, all flags would have fringe. If the Army is absent, the Marine Corps would then be the senior service, have the standards to follow, and both national colors would not have fringe. If the Navy or Air Force was senior, fringe on both national colors would be the standard.

Arrival ceremonies for foreign dignitaries here in the US (shown above) requires fringe to not be attached to both the US and foreign flags, regardless of the service standards followed. To read more about this, click here.

While it’s good to know the standards for fringe, above, fringe on the foreign flag would be up to whatever is on hand unless you have time to plan and have all the equipment ready to go.

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Scenario 2. A US military member is requested to be part of an international color guard or line of flags. Every ship at sea, installation, and deployed unit should have a complete set of color guard equipment at the ready. When a request for a color guard or even a single color bearer comes up, you have the appropriate equipment.

Wrap Up

International relations are often taken care of at the individual level. Government to government takes place but each man and woman in uniform, especially overseas, is the best representative of their service, the US military and the United States of America. We can also be the worst but hopefully those interactions are very few and far between.

All military departmental and organizational colors dip only in specific instances. The instances are fully explained for the departmental colors, and many do not understand that the restrictions to dip colors apply to all military organizational flags.

The image at top shows an Army ROTC color guard in the pass-in-review for a Basic Camp graduation at Fort Knox, KY.

Not to be Confused with a Naval Salute

From the US Navy Regulations Chapter 12. A naval salute involves lowering the colors in salute. For example, a merchant ship may lower its national flag to half-mast when passing a naval vessel. The ship then returns the salute by lowering its ensign to half-mast for a few seconds, then closing it back up. The merchant vessel then raises its ensign back up.

The tradition of dipping the colors was codified in 1594 when European powers agreed that only the Pope and King of Spain could continue to fly their colors when their ships encountered one another on the open seas. Ships of all other nations yielded precedence to these two and lowered their colors in salute.

The U.S. Navy and Coast Guard only return salutes from vessels flying the U.S. flag or the flag of a nation formally recognized by the Government of the United States. Warships never initiate such a salute, nor do they dip to each other. Submarines and or ships in which doing so would be hazardous for the crew are not required to dip the ensign.

This form of the dip does not apply to the other situations that are explained for a land-based color guard.

Dipping Colors for a Color Guard

The image at top shows an Army ROTC color guard in the pass-in-review for a Basic Camp graduation at Fort Knox, KY.

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National Colors

All national colors are not dipped. Ever. For military teams, carrying a foreign national must meet the requirements of DoD Instruction 5410.19, Volume 4, Section 5, 5.1. b.

(1) U.S. military personnel in a foreign location may carry the official national flag of foreign nations participating in official civil ceremonies sponsored and conducted by the U.S. Government or a State, county, or municipal government.
(a) An official of the foreign nation concerned must be present in an official capacity to receive such honors.
(b) The official must be an individual to whom honors normally are rendered.
(2) In all other public programs or ceremonies, Service members in uniform and in an official capacity must not carry flags of foreign nations, veterans’ groups, or other non-military organizations.

Emphasis mine, above.

What the DoDI does not mention is what happens stateside. That means we look to other manuals for that guidance.

AR 840-10, 7-14. e. U.S. military personnel may carry flags of foreign nations in official military ceremonies when an official of that nation is present in an official capacity and is one for whom honors would normally be rendered.

MCO 5060.20, Chap 7, para. 5. e. The national colors of foreign countries will not normally be carried by the same color guard carrying the United States colors. When necessary, refer to reference (j [describes staffs and colors. -DM]).

MCO 10520.3, 4. Carrying Flags of Foreign Nations and Non-Military Organization. Marine Corps personnel may carry flags of foreign nations in official civil ceremonies when an official of the nation concerned is present in his official capacity and is one for whom honors normally would be rendered. In this capacity the flag of the foreign nation will be carried by a separate color guard (normally three Marines). This color guard will be preceded by a Marine Corps color guard during the ceremony. In all other public events or ceremonies, Marine Corps personnel in uniform and in an official capacity are not authorized to carry flags of foreign nations, veterans groups, or other nonmilitary organizations.

US Navy Regulations Chapter 12, 4. When a personal flag or a foreign ensign is required to be displayed ashore during the official visit of, or a gun salute to, a civil official or foreign officer it shall be displayed from the normal paint of display of a personal flag or pennant of the officer in command, and the latter’s flag or pennant shall be displayed at some other point within the command.

AFI 34-1201

2.12. At no time will a foreign national flag be dipped. [This means a foreign color can be carried. -DM]

2.22.7. When displayed or carried with flags of other Air Force organizations, foreign national flags, or state flags, the order of precedence is as follows: The United States Flag, foreign national flags, state flags, Air Force flag, and flags of other Air Force or military services organizations.

2.33.4. Flags of Friendly Foreign Nations. Flags of friendly foreign nations, when flown with flags described in this instruction, are approximately the same size. The designs are those selected by the foreign nations. They may be displayed or carried during ceremonies attended by officials or troops of friendly foreign nations.

Civilian and civil (first responder) color guards can carry a foreign national flag. Notice that the photo shows the foreign national colors (here, Canadian) are not dipped. This team is using proper flag protocol.

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Military Departmental and Organizational Colors

The Continental Color Guard of the US Army 3rd Infantry Division, The Old Guard

Two different ceremonies where it was appropriate to dip both colors and then only the organizational.

All departmental and organizational colors dip for:

1. The Star-Spangled Banner, To the Colors, and foreign national anthems. They DO NOT DIP for the Pledge of Allegiance.
2. The sounding of Taps and Hail to the Chief.
3. The President, VP, and members of the Cabinet.
4. All service Secretaries, Chiefs of Staff, equivalents, and higher. Also dipped for their representatives.
5. Foreign national dignitaries, civilian or military, of equivalent grade or higher.

In addition, all organizational colors are dipped:

1. To the unit commander*

*This is why JROTC color guards carry state colors in competition, understandable, but unnecessary. Replacing the AJROTC color should not be standard for any other ceremony. For more on this, read my article, The Why of the Military Color Guard – JROTC and State Colors. In any case, JROTC cadets need to stop immediately dipping their JROTC color, organizational or institutional, on command.

I know! The JROTC organizational colors are difficult to get and a bit expensive. Most cadets have no idea that the org color is mandatory to carry. I’m writing about what the standard is, not demanding you spend money you may not currently have to meet a standard (budgeting for this requirement is a really good idea).

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References

AR 840-10, Chapter 4, 4-1, (7) Dipping the flag. The U.S. Army Ceremonial flag is an organizational color and is therefore dipped while the U.S. National Anthem, “To the Color,” or a foreign national anthem is played. The U.S. Army Ceremonial flag is also dipped when rendering honors to the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army, their direct representative, or an individual of higher grade, including a foreign dignitary of equivalent or higher grade. The U.S. Army Ceremonial flag will not be dipped under any other circumstances.

AR 600-25, Chapter 2, 2-2 a. The flag of the United States is not dipped by way of salute or compliment. The organizational color will be dipped in salute in all military ceremonies while the national anthem of the United States, “To the Colors,” or a foreign national anthem is being played, and when rendering honors to organizations and individuals for which the military ceremony is being conducted.
b. The U.S. Army flag is an organizational color and as such is also dipped under the situations stated in paragraph 2–2a.

MCO 5060.20, Chapter 7, paragraph 2. Color Salutes, b. By the Organizational Colors. In military ceremonies, the organizational colors salutes while the “National Anthem,” “To the Colors,” “Retreat,” or “Hail to the Chief” is being played, and when rendering honors to the organizational commander, individual of higher rank, or the dead, but in no other case. (See section 1, paragraph 5 of this chapter.)

5. Salutes by the Organizational Colors
   a. Once the color guard is at present colors, and when appropriate, the organizational color bearer will render a salute with the organizational colors by straightening the right arm and lowering the staff naturally to the front. The staff will rotate naturally as it goes forward causing the sharp edge of the spearhead to face down. (See figure 7-13.)
   b. Salutes by the organizational colors are not automatic when presenting colors. They will be rendered only during honors to national colors, to the commander of the organization represented by the colors or to an individual senior in rank to the organizational commander; (e.g., during a parade or review when the adjutant presents the command to the commander of troops. The organizational colors does not salute, unless the commander of troops is the organizational commander or of higher rank.)
   c. When musical honors are played, the organizational colors will salute on the first note of music. The colors will be returned to the vertical position following the last note of music or the last volley of a gun salute. If no music is to be played and a color salute is appropriate, the organizational colors will salute immediately after the color guard has gone to present colors.
   d. When marching, the salute is rendered when 6 paces from the reviewing stand or person to be saluted. Carry colors is resumed when 6 paces beyond the reviewing stand or person to be saluted.

AFI 34-1201, 2.22.8. The Air Force departmental flag is an organizational flag and is dipped while the national anthem, “To The Color,” musical honors for CSAF or higher, or a foreign national anthem is played. The Departmental Flag is also dipped when rendering honors to the SecAF, the CSAF, their direct representative, or any government official of equivalent or higher grade, including foreign dignitaries, and during a pass in review. Additionally, the departmental flag and other subordinate flags will be dipped during military funeral honors. (T-1). This includes the movement and transfer of the remains, the playing of “muffled ruffles” and “Taps”. The departmental flag will not be dipped under any other circumstances. (T-1).